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The Ain made by Jaṅga Bahādura Rāṇā

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Identifier: PCRIND_0021_0000
Title: The Ain made by Jaṅga Bahādura Rāṇā
Type, original: bound book; original

Content

Abstract: This is a manuscript of the Ain which was prepared by the initiative of Jaṅga Bahādura Rāṇā. The seals of Prime Minister Jaṅga Bahādura stamped at the beginning and end of each paragraphs stand as evidence that this version of the Ain was once circulated for enforcement during his reigning period. This version differs from both the 1854, the first code, and the 1870 versions of the Ain. While comparing present version of the Ain with 1870, it can be observed that these two versions are very similar excluding some minor differences. For example, paragraph numbers 18 and 19 of the guṭhi chapter of this version are combined as paragraph no. 18 in the 1870 Ain. Similarly, paragraph 175 of the present version is numbered as 174 in the 1870 Ain and paragraph number 175 of the 1870 Ain is not included in the present version. Therefore, it can be surmised that the present version of the Ain slightly predates or postdates the 1870 Ain. In this manuscript following chapters and paragraphs are available:

Chapters
S.N. Chapter Translation Paragraph numbers Image IDs
1guṭhīkoOn guṭhī1–38PCRIND_0021/0003–0038
2jagā bihrāunyāOn cultivation of land1–33PCRIND_0021/0264–0272
3jagā pajanikoOn granted land1–49, 53–73, 78–120, 50–52, 74–77PCRIND_0021/0274–0304
4bālikā jhagarākoOn dispute regarding the crop1–7, 9–18, 8, 19–25PCRIND_0021/0306–0313
5ghara banāunyākoOn building a house1–22PCRIND_0021/0316–0321
6——55–58PCRIND_0021/0150–0151
7aṃsabaṃḍākoOn partition of property1–227, 253–275PCRIND_0021/0016–0049
8baksa phirtā bāḍanākoOn the partition of [seized property] returned as a gift [by the government]1–2PCRIND_0021/0052
9dharmaputrakoOn adoption1–4PCRIND_0021/0055
10jhagariyā kaidī jhikāudāko ra bujhāuna lyāudā garnyā ainAin on summoning prisoners who were involved in a dispute and the process of producing them1–9PCRIND_0021/0060–0061
11kāyelanāmā leṣāunyākoOn obtaining written confessions1–7PCRIND_0021/0063–0064
12phirāda paryāpachi jhagariyāle milchau bhaṃdā garnyā ainAin regarding the case in which the litigants say that they will settle the dispute themselves after lodging a complaint [in a court]1–10PCRIND_0021/0065–0066
13jmāni garnyākoOn guarantees1–11PCRIND_0021/0094–0095
14jhagariyā pakrāuna sipāi māgna āudāko ra pyādā sipāhile jhagariyā pakri lyāudākoOn asking for soldiers to arrest a person involved in a dispute and on arresting him1–27PCRIND_0021/0097–0102
15aputālīOn property passed on in the absence of a son as heir1–74PCRIND_0021/0106–0121
16——27–30PCRIND_0021/0122–0124
17daṇḍa sajāya gardā garnyā ainAin on punishments1–31PCRIND_0021/0126–0130
18hākimakā nāumā karāunyāOn complaining against a hākima1–12PCRIND_0021/0132–0135
19——5–8PCRIND_0021/0136
20dharma bhakāunyāko ra niñā halāunyākoOn making someone take an oath on dharma and on trial by ordeal1–8PCRIND_0021/0138–0139
21jhagariyā bapatisaga dastura linyā adālata amālavālālāī garnyā ainAin on the collecting of fees from litigants by the officials of an adālata or amāla1–5PCRIND_0021/0141
22kaidilāi kāmamā lāudāko ra sidhā didāko ainAin on employing prisoners and giving them provision of rations1–10PCRIND_0021/0143
23birtavāra jāgīradārale āphnā jagā ṣuvāko jagarā hernā āmdāni lināko ra ṣuvā birtāko jhagarā adālatamā phiryāda garna āyāmā garnyā ainAin concerning the case in which a birtāvāra or a jāgiradāra comes to a court to register a case related to a dispute regarding his jāgira land or land income1–14PCRIND_0021/0144–0145
24——15–25PCRIND_0021/0328–0329
25——11–19PCRIND_0021/0330–0331
26——13–36PCRIND_0021/0332–0333
27——21–26PCRIND_0021/0334–0335
28pūrvabāṭa paścima sādhaka paṭhāyāmā garnyā ainAin on sending an inaccurate request from the east to the west1–3PCRIND_0021/0058
29——7–20PCRIND_0021/0056–0057
30ghaṭibaḍhi sajāya garnyāOn punishing more or less1–6PCRIND_0021/0336
31kaidi thunuvā bhagāunyāko ra bhāgyākā kadilāī garnyā ainOn aiding and abetting the escape of prisoners, and ain punishing escaped prisoners1–25PCRIND_0021/0159, 0154–0156
32bhāgyākā kaidi dabāirāṣanyālāī garnyā ainAin on punishing a person who hides an escaped prisoner1–4PCRIND_0021/0161
33——7–63PCRIND_0021/0162–0170
34ṣatabāta garnyāko sarvasva gardā garnyā ainAin on confiscation of the property of a criminal1–12PCRIND_0021/0173–0174
35jyāna lidāko ra muḍadā dāmala gardā garnyā ainAin on capital punishment and on the shaving and branding of a criminal1–8PCRIND_0021/0176–0177
36adālata amāla kacaharibāṭa myāda ṭāsadā garnyā ainAin on the posting of notice of a time limit by an adālata, amāla or kacahari1–30PCRIND_0021/0178–0182
37kuṭpiṭ gosavārāGeneral regulation on brawling1–24, 27PCRIND_0021/0184–0187
38gāli garāgaraOn reciprocal verbal abuse1–14PCRIND_0021/0189–0190
39dhoti gunyū pharkāī deṣāunyākoOn exposing one's [genitals] by lifting the lower garment1–5PCRIND_0021/0192
40arkālāi thukanyālāi garnyā ainAin regulating [punishments] for a person who spits on others1–30PCRIND_0021/0194–0197
41naraka ṣuvāunyākoOn forced feeding of human excrement1–87PCRIND_0021/0200–0216
42ṣursāni hālanyākoOn throwing chilli1–7PCRIND_0021/0218–0219
43pādanyākoOn farting1–81PCRIND_0021/0220–0228
44nātāko kuṭpiṭOn beating between relatives1–22PCRIND_0021/0074–0076
45hāta hālāhālakā jhagarāmā garnyā ainAin on a dispute resulting in a scuffle1–45PCRIND_0021/0079–0085
46kuṭpiṭ ragatapakṣa ṣuna jyū jaṣam garnyālāi sajāya garnyā ainAin on punishing a person who beats, draws blood or injures others1–18, 37–52PCRIND_0021/0068–0071
47hula dhurā uṭhi kuṭpiṭ garnyālāī garnyā ainAin on punishing persons who have ganged up on a person and beaten him up1–11PCRIND_0021/0232–0234
48bhavitavya pari jyāna maryāmā ra ghā lāgyāmā garnyā ainAin on manslaughter and on unintentional acts which cause injury1–18PCRIND_0021/0238–0241
49jyānamārākoOn homicide1–118, 131–159PCRIND_0021/0243–0263, 0322–0326
50jyū sanabaṃdhako kuro polanyā polāhālāī garnyā ainAin on punishing a false accuser who accused somebody of homicide1–7PCRIND_0021/0153
51jyāna saṃbaṃdhiko kuro dabāunyālāī garnyā ainAin on punishing a person who conceals a case of homicide1–14PCRIND_0021/0086–0088
52——8–17PCRIND_0021/0090–0091
53jātakamārākoOn infanticide1–12PCRIND_0021/0148–0149


References
Khatiwoda, Rajan, Simon Cubelic, and Axel Michaels. 2021. The 'Mulukī Ain' of 1854: Nepal's First Legal Code. Heidelberg: Heidelberg University Publishing.
Issued by and to:
Place:
Donor, king:
Type of endowment:
Region of endowment:
Purpose of endowment:
Amount of endowment:

Date

Date: unspecified unspecified unspecified unspecified unspecified Thursday
Further details:
Converted:

Script and language

Language, script: Nepali; Devanagari

Physical appearance

Width, height, and unit: 33.5; 26; cm
No. of folios: 170
Material, binding, and colour: mill-made paper; bound; light brown
Condition: broken; incomplete

Institution

Institution and reg. no.: Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Research Unit "Documents on the History of Religion and Law of Premodern Nepal"; Walter Rindfleisch Collection
Source and details: document itself; Digitized by Heidelberg University Library on 01/09/2022 as image identifier(s) PCRIND_0021_1 to PCRIND_0021_338 in DWork
Running no., exposures: 340

Project specific information

Created, modified, ID: 7/17/26, 12:00 AM; 8/3/26, 2:42 PM; 18
Notes: data entered/checked by: #RT##SG
Technical terms:

Associated secondary literature

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Project: "Documents on the History of Religion and Law of Pre-modern Nepal"

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