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A deed of gift (dānapatra) issued by Queen Consort Devarājalakṣmī, Queen Śivakumārī and Queen Maheśvarakumārī sponsoring the education of five Brahmin students (VS 1932)

ID: K_0442_0054


Edited and translated by Nirajan Kafle and Rajan Khatiwoda
Created: 2024-12-13; Last modified: 2025-11-26
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Published by Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities: Documents on the History of Religion and Law of Pre-modern Nepal, Heidelberg, Germany, 2025. Published by the courtesy of the National Archives, Kathmandu. The copyright of the facsimile remains with the Nepal Rashtriya Abhilekhalaya (National Archives, Government of Nepal). All use of the digital facsimiles requires prior written permission by the copyright holder. See Terms of Use.
The accompanying edition, translation/synopsis and/or commentary are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License CCby-SA.

Abstract

This deed of gift (dānapatra) records the establishment of a gūṭhī by Queen Consort Devarājalakṣmī, Queen Śivakumārī and Queen Maheśvarīkumārī to educate five Brahmin students under the supervision of Pandit Vācaspati Upādhyāya Panta. The donors’ gift aimed to remove worldly obstacles and to lead to their self-realization and liberation. It was sanctified with a ritual declaration in the presence of witnesses.


Diplomatic edition

[1r]

1श्री\­

1श्री­परमेश्वर­नारायण­
2२­

1श्री­विष्णु­
2३­

1श्री­सुर्य्य­चन्द्र­
2४­

1श्री­मन्महाराजाधीराज­पट्टराज्ञी­
2श्री­श्री­श्री­श्री­श्री­कांछा­वडामहारा
3नि­देवराजलक्ष्मिदेवी­
4१­

1सकल­वमोजीं­नकल­दुरुस्त­छ­भनी­सकल­वुझी­नकल्मा­स्ही­छाप­गर्ने­भाडगाऊँ­कटुँज्ये­वस्नेयक­ना
3रान­तीमीलसीना­

1स्ही­यकना
2रान­ती
3मल्सीना­
4कटुंज्ये­

1[unknown seal]

1[unknown signature]

1३­

1स्वस्ति­श्रीगणेशाय़­नम:­।।      ।।अथ­देसभाषा­॥श्रीसाके­•सम्वत्‌­•१७९६­विक्रमा•दित्त्य­
2सम्वत्‌­१९३१­साल­कार्तिकमासे­•शुक्लपक्षनव़म्यां­•तीथौ­•सत•भिसानक्षेत्रे­व्याधि
3य़ोगे­•वुध्दवासरे­•॥तद्दिने­काश्यव­गोत्र­श्री­•रुपनाराये़णे•त्यादी­कुमार•कुमारात्म
4ज­श्री­•माहीला­रानी­•सीवकुमारी­•श्री­कांछी­रानी­•महेश्वरीकुमारी•ले­¯ ¯१¯ वाट वा
5ट­ईहलोकमा­•सकल­अज्ञात­•अरीष्ट­नास­भै­•आत्माज्ञान­पाई­अन्तकालमा­
6¯ ¯१¯ कोस्मरण­पाई­मुक्ति­हव़स्‌­भंन्या­अपेक्ष्याले­विद्यार्थि­व्रांह्मण­जना­५­
7ले­वर्ष­•वंदी­•वाली­•षाई­निश्चीतंसंग­व्राह्मण•द्वारावाट­विद्या­सिकाई­विद्या
8को­पार­हव़स्‌­भंना­निमित्त­•श्री­राजा­थमन्‌­वाहादुर­साही­चौतरीय़ा­वीरनारान­•
9साही•­दलभिम­विक्रम्‌­साही•हरु­साछी­राषि­•जौ­तिल­कुश­•जल­राषी­•आफै
10ले­•वाक्यसंकल्प­गरी­•लुभूका­•अम्वल­•लहुसाष्वा­षेत­•मुरी­।११­ससांवु­षेत­मु
11रि­।८९।­ज्मा­येक्‌­षेत­१।।­जगा­गुठी­•राषी­•चह्राञाँ­•सो­षेत•का­पैदाव़ारले­वि
12द्यारथी­व्रांह्मण­•जना­५­लाई­जो­•पुग्याको­वाली­दी­•विद्या­सीकाउनु­य़ो­गुठी­•
13अर्पन्‌­•भय़ाका­षेत•को­परपजनी­•काठमाडौ­फसिकेव­टोल­•वस्न्या­पण्डित­
14वाचस्पति­•उपाध्या­पंतले­•गर्नु­नीजका­तज्‌विज्‌का­•विद्यार्थि­व्राह्मणलाई­वर्ष­
15वंदी­•वाली­दी­•विद्या­सीकाई­गुठीको­पालना­गर्नु­•निज­पंडित्‌का­सेष­पछि­•नी
16जको­सन्‌तान्‌दर्सन्‌तान्‌•ले­लेषिया­वमोजीम्‌­गरी­•गुठीको­पालना­गर्नु­•भनि­दान
17पत्र­गरीदीञ्यौं­जो­कोही­सुवुध्दीले­•यो­गुठीकन­पालना­गर्ला­•यो­माथी­लेषिय़ा­
18वमोजीम्‌­उत्तरोत्तर­ज्ञान­•वुध्दी­•भै­¯ ¯२¯ कोसुदृष्टि­पाई­परलोकमा­¯ ¯३¯लो
19कमा­•¯ ¯४¯रह्यासम्म­वास­होला­•॥यस­कामको­साछी­•पृथ्वी­आप­तेज्‌­वायु­
20चन्द्र­सूर्य्य­यमराजा­भय़ो­।।      ।।ईती­सम्वत्‌­१९३२­साल­मीति­भाद्र­वदी­३०­रोज­
21२­शुभ्म्‌­

Translation

[1r]

Glorious Parameśvara Nārāyaṇa---2

[Glorious Viṣṇu]---3

Glorious Sun and Moon---4

The youngest (kāṃchā) queen consort of the venerable supreme king of the great kings, fivefold venerable Devarājalakṣmī Devī---11

Yaka Nārāna Tīmīlasīnā from Kaṭuṃjye, Bhādgāũ who inspected the original and signed and stamped this copy, stating that the copy is true to the original.

Signature; Yaka Nārāna Tīmalsīnā [from] Kaṭuṃjye.

Auspiciousness

Hail! Homage to glorious Gaṇeśa. Now in the vernacular language (deśabhāṣā):

In the auspicious (śrī) Śaka era year 1796 and Vikramāditya era year 1931, on the ninth day of the bright fortnight of the month of Kārtika, under the [constellation] Śatabhiṣā and the Vyādhi yoga, on a Wednesday, on this very day: With the aim that all ignorance (ajñāna) and misfortune (ariṣṭa) in this world be removed, and that they attain self-realization (ātmajñāna), and at the time of their death (antakāla) that they may remember -2- (i.e., Glorious Parameśvara Nārāyaṇa) and thereby attain liberation, the venerable middle (text: māhīlā) queen Śīvakumārī (text: Sīvakumārī), the venerable youngest (text: Kāṃchī) queen Mahēśvarīkumāri, and -1- (i.e. venerable Queen Consort Devarājalakṣmī Devī), who were born to a prince from the clan of the sage Kaśyapa (kāśyapagotrīya)—[a prince who shines with manifold rows of eulogies such as] Rūpanārayaṇa—established a gūṭhī, endowing the following plots of land [to it]: | 11 murīs of a paddy field (kheta) at Lahusākhvā under the jurisdiction of Lubhū, | 89 | murīs of a paddy field called Sasāṃbu, [together] totalling 1 || kheta.2 [The purpose of the endowment is] to give 5 Brahmin students the annual crop yield (bālī) and be taught by Brahmins so that, free of worry, they may attain mastery over knowledge. [The endowment was consecrated] by reciting a ritual declarative sentence (saṃkalpavākya) with barley (jau), sesame seeds (tila), kuśa-grass and water—performed by the queens themselves with the venerable king Thaman Bāhādura Sāhī, Cautarīya Vīranārāna Sāhī and Dalbhima Vikram Sāhī as witnesses. From the output of these fields, the 5 Brahmin students shall [yearly] be provided the crop yield, however much it be, and be taught. Paṇḍita Vācaspati Upādhyāya Panta, residing in Kathmandu'sPhasikebaṭola, shall conduct the annual reassignment (parapajanī) of the gūṭhī land.3

He is to provide the Brahmin students, [chosen at] his own discretion, with the yearly crop yield, teach them and maintain (pālanā) the gūṭhī. After his lifetime, his descendants, from generation to generation, are to maintain the gūṭhī as [herein] written. Having stated this, we hereby issue this deed of gift (dānapatra).

Whatever wise person who sustains this gūṭhī in accordance with what is written above will increase in knowledge and wisdom, obtain the grace (sudṛṣṭi) of -2- (i.e., Glorious Parameśvara Nārāyaṇa), and reside in the other world—in the world of -3- (i.e. Glorious Viṣṇu)—for as long as -4- [i.e. the Sun and Moon] remain.

Earth, water, fire, wind, the moon, the sun and Yamarāja (i.e. the god of death) are witnesses to this act.

On Monday, the 30th of the dark fortnight of the month of Bhādra in the [Vikrama] era year 1932 (1876 CE). Auspiciousness.


Commentary

This certified copy of a deed of gift (dānapatra)4 records that Queen Consort Devarājalakṣmī Devī, Queen Śīvakumārī and Queen Maheśvarīkumarī established a guṭhī to provide education for five Brahmin students in order to foster their spiritual progress. Management of the guṭhī was entrusted to Vācaspati Upādhyāya Panta, along with the responsibility for passing on his knowledge to the following generation. He was tasked with overseeing the annual reconfirmation (parapajanī) of the guṭhī and selecting students for educational support.

The document, in appointing a learned scholar like Vācaspati, underscores the royal elite's commitment to academic rigour and proper management. For all that, such formal education within Nepal is believed to have begun only in the 1850s, and primarily for royalty (Vanta 2024). To be sure, in the 1820s and 1830s the Brahmin Aravindanātha Gajuryāla was sent to Benares for a Sanskrit education by state actors like Lalitatripurasundarī and Bhīmasena Thāpā, but again the aim was to serve the royal court’s needs (Kafle and Khatiwoda 2025, forthcoming). This dānapatra also illustrates how the royal court prepared learned individuals for administrative roles.

Note that this document is edited in Kafle and Khatiwoda 2025: 247–271.


Notes

1. She was one of the queen consorts of King Surendra (r. 1847–1881), the others being Trailokya Rājya Lakṣmī, another whose name is unknown, and Sura Rājya Lakṣmī. In 1876–77, he married Puṇyakumārī, the daughter of Commander-in-Chief Kṛṣṇa Bāhādura, as his fourth (legitimate) wife (cf. J. C. Regmi 1981: 122, 183, 185 and 193). The epithet used for her, श्री मन्महाराजाधीराज पट्टराज्ञी, also appears in a rukkā (royal decree) issued by her in VS 1911 (1854 CE). However, in it, unlike in the present deed of gift (dānapatra), she is not addressed as the (chief) queen consort (बडामहारानी); the rukkā is edited in Yogī, VS 2022, 177. []

2. It is worth noting that Devarājalakṣmī established the Kāśī Viśveśvara Gūṭhī at Hanumān Ghāṭa, Bhaktapur with a land endowment at Sipāḍola in VS 1903 (1847 CE) (K_0275_0033). []

3. It is likely that the Paṇḍita Vācaspati Upādhyāya referenced in this document was the son of Paṇḍita Nīladeva Panta and a contemporary of Sukṛtidatta Panta. His works—Lakṣyadarśikā, Śrāddhavidhi, Navaśeṣottaṃsa, Śeṣāvataṃsa, Gītāmaṇḍala (?) and Acyutāṣṭakavyākhyā—demonstrate his scholarly breadth. In particular, his commentary on Acyutāṣṭaka, which explores eight standard names of Viṣṇu (Acyuta, Keśava, Viṣṇu, Hari, Satya, Janārdana, Haṃsa, Nārāyaṇa), highlights his profound erudition and mastery of traditional knowledge. The depth and insight of his exegesis underscore Vācaspati's status as an eminent scholar. For a comprehensive study of his life and intellectual pursuits, refer to Khatiwoda 2012 (VS 2068). []

4. Note two other certified copies of the same dānapatra in K_0094_0021 and K_0359_0045, which have been edited separately. []