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A rukkā from King Surendra to the chief officer of the Kausī Tosākhānā containing new regulations for the Daitya and Kumāra dances at the Taleju temple (VS 1933)

ID: DNA_0012_0056


Edited and translated by Astrid Zotter in collaboration with Bal Gopal Shrestha and Ramhari Timalsina
Created: 2016-06-27; Last modified: 2024-03-18
For the metadata of the document, click here

Published by Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities: Documents on the History of Religion and Law of Pre-modern Nepal, Heidelberg, Germany, 2018. Published by the courtesy of the National Archives, Kathmandu. The copyright of the facsimile remains with the Nepal Rashtriya Abhilekhalaya (National Archives, Government of Nepal). All use of the digital facsimiles requires prior written permission by the copyright holder. See Terms of Use.
The accompanying edition, translation/synopsis and/or commentary are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License CCby-SA.

Abstract

This rukkā, issued by the king and addressed to the chief officer of the Kausī Tosākhānā, introduces new guidelines for the Daitya and Kumāra dances performed at the Taleju temple of Kathmandu. It approves a directive from the prime minister. Having determined that both the funding mechanism and the practice of replacing dancers with new performers every 12 years in accordance with an earlier lālamohara issued in VS 1832 (1775 CE) had become dysfunctional, the latter had ordered that instead of providing the necessary materials directly a stipulated sum was to be supplied every year through the Kausī Tosākhānā for their purchase. In addition, certain government officials would be required to contribute a cash sum, and certain localities in Kathmandu to provide dress and ornaments for the dances. The term of duty for the two dancers embodying the deities is reduced from 12 to 5 years each.



Diplomatic edition

[1r-part1]

1श्री\­

1श्री­दुर्गा­

1श्री­तलेज्यू­
2१­

1श्रीमदतिप्रचण्डभूजद
2ण्डेत्यादीश्रीश्रीश्रीमहा
3[?]वहा[?]सि
4येस[?]ईथोङ्‌लि
5ङ्‌पिम्माकोकाङ्‌
6वाङ्‌स्यान्‌प्राइम्‌मि
7निष्टरयाण्डकम्यां
8डरइनचिफ्‌­¯¯¯
9२­

[royal seal]

1स्वस्ति­श्रीमन्महाराजाधिराजकस्य­रूक्का­¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
2आगे­कौसि­तोसाषानाका­सालवसालका­हाकिंम­प्रति­दर्वारका­
3¯ ¯ १¯मा­दैत्ये­कुमार­भै­नाचनु­पर्न्या­नाचके­चाहिन्या­जिन्सि­सराजाम्‌­
4हिटीचोक­भंसार­जगाजगावाट­दिनु­काजि­भारादार­अर्जवेगी­स्मे[?]­
5गरी­सोना­चलाउदा­मोर्रु­२५­दिनु­गहना­पोसाक­तपसिलका­टोलटो
6लवाट­दिनु­भंन्न्या­१८३२­साल­श्राव़न­सुदि­१४­रोज­५मा­लालमो
7होर­स्मेत­भयामा­अमानत­रकं­ठाउठाउका­अडा­सवै­पछी­ठेक्का­हु
8न­जादा­सो­कुमार­दैत्ये­भै­नाचन्याहरुके­भयाका­लालमोहोर­२
9मा­लेषिया­वमोजिं­केहि­नपाउनाले­१२।१२­वर्षमा­पालो­पाउनु­
10पर्न्यामा­अरुले­कवोल­नगर्दा­२०।२५­वर्षसम्म­पुरानिञाले­पा
11लो­पनि­पायाको­रहेनछ­र­हामिवाट­सो­लालमोहोर­हेरी­वक
12सि­अघी­भयाको­दैत्ये­नाचको­१­कुंमार­नाचको­१­ज्मा­लालमो
13होर­२­मध्ये­कुमार­नाचका­लालमोहोर­वमोजिंका­जिन्सिको­
14तपसिलका­द्रले­आजकालका­भाउ­विक्रीले­नगद­कस्दा­चाहिन्ये­
15मोहोरु­८५/।।।३­हामिवाट­थामिवक्स्याको­छ­अव­उप्रान्त­सा
16लवसाल­सो­मोहोरु­८५/।।।३­कौसि­तोसाषानावाट­दिनु­ग
17हना­कपडा­सोहि­तपसिलका­टोलटोलवाट­उठाइ­वनाइदिनु­
18नीज­दैत्ये­कुमार­भै­नाचन्याहरुले­पनि­अघी­१२।१२­वर्षमा­पा
19लो­पाउन्या­रित­रहेछ­अव­उप्रांन्त­५।५­वर्षको­पालो­गराइदीनु­
20सोहि­अघीका­लालमोहोर्­र­अघीदेषि­गरीआया­वमोजिं­
21नाच­पुजा­चलाइ­षानु­भंन्न्या­व्येहोराको­तेस­अदालत­मार्फ
22त­लालमोहोर­गराइदीन्या­काम­गर­भंन्न्या­३३­साल­श्राव़[?]­
23सुदि­३­रोज­२मा­¯ ¯ २¯वाट­हुकुंको­पुर्जि­गरीवकस्याको­व्ये
24होरा­विस्तार­अदालत­इटाचपलिका­हाकिं­सुव्वा­रामप्रसाद­
25षन्यालले­
¯ ¯ २¯का­श्रीमद्राजकुमारकुमारात्मज­श्री­कम्यां
26डर­इन­चिफ­जनरल­रण­उद्दिप­सिंह­कुव़र­राणा­के­सि­येस­आ­

[1r-part2]


27[...]का­हजुरमा­विंति­पार्दा­र­नीजहरुवाट­पनि­हाम्रा­हजुरमा­विं
28ति­पारी­जाहेर­गरायाकामा­सोहि­¯ ¯१¯मा­दैत्ये­कुमार­भै­ना
29चन्याके­दैत्ये­नाचको­१­कुमार­नाचको­१­ज्मा­लालमोहोर­२­मध्ये­
30कुमार­नाचका­लालमोहोर­वमोजिं­जिन्सिको­तपसिलका­[...]
31रले­आजकालका­भाउ­वीक्रीले­नगद­कस्दा­चाहिन्या­मोहो[...]­
32८५/।।।३­हामिवाट­थामिवकस्याको­सो­मोहोरु­८५/।।।३­कौ
33सि­तोसाषानावाट­अव­उप्रांत­सालवसाल­वसाल­दिनु­गह
34ना­कपडा­सोहि­तपसिलका­टोलटोलवाट­उठाइ­वनाइदीनू­नी
35ज­दैत्ये­कुमार­भै­नाचन्याहरुले­पनि­अघी­१२।१२­वर्षमा­पालो­
36पाउन्या­रीत­रहेछ­अव­उप्रांन्त­५।५­वर्षको­पालो­गराइदिनू­
37सोहि­अघीका­लालमोहोर्­र­अघीदेषि­गरीआया­वमोजिंम­
38नाच­पुजा­चलाइदीनु­भंन्न्या­व्येहोराको­तिम्रा­नाउमा­र­तप
39सिल­वमोजिंको­दस्तुर­सालवसाल­कौसि­तोसाषानावा
40ट­लिनु­५।५­वर्षको­पालो­गरी­अघीदेषि­गरीआया­वमो
41जिं­र­अघीका­लालमोहोर­वमोजीम­नाच­पुजा­चलाइ­षा
42नु­भंन्न्या­नीज­¯ ¯१¯मा­दैत्ये­कुमार­भै­नाचन्या­सालवसा
43लका­नाचकीहरुकाका­नाउमा­लालमोहोर­गरीवक्स्यौं­
44तपसिल­

[table1]

1नाच­सांगे­गर्दामा­चाहिन्या­सराजामके­मोरु­१८।•।।।२­
2स्यावजि­मुरी­१­के­द्र­पाथी­५­ताके­४­
3चिउरा­पाथी­१२­के­४­
4तेल­माना­९­के­२।•­
5भटमास­माना­६­के­।•­
6सुपारि­गोटा­४०­के­//­
7गोकुल­धुप­तोला­२­के­ऽ।२­
8हिं­तोला­१।।•­के­
9जीरा­तोला­२४­के­।•­
10नुन­माना­६­के­।।।•­
11कपरा­हात­३­के­।।•­
12माछा­सेर­२­के­१­
13भैसिको­मासु­धार्नि­८­के­द्र­धार्नि­१­के­।//­ले­३­
14वोको­१­के­१।।­
15अदुव़ा­सेर­१।।•­के­/।।­
16पातके­।।•­
17¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

[table2]

1नाच­आरंभेके­चाहिन्या­सराजामके­मोरु­२०­
2भैसिका­मासु­धार्नि­१५­के­द्र­धार्नि­१के­।//­ले­५।।//­
3अदुवा­सेर­३­के­///­
4वोके­३­के­४।।•­
5पातके­।।­
6स्यावजी­पाथी­१६­के­द्र­पाथी­५­ले­३///२­
7चिउरा­पाथी­८­के­२।।//२­
8तेल­माना­६­के­१।।•­
9भट्टमास­माना­६­के­।•­
10सुपारि­४०­के­रु­//­
11गोकुल­धुप­तोला­२­के­ऽ।२­
12हिं­तोला­१­के­ऽ।।२­
13जीरा­तोला­१६­के­//।।­
14नुन­माना­४­के­।।•­
15कपरा­हात­३­के­।।•­
16सुकेको­माछा­सेर­२­के­१­
17¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

[1r-part3]

[table3]

1मुहासिलके­र­पुलुछे­स्मेतके­चाहिन्या­तपसिलका­
 सरजामको­मोहोरु­
२१/।१­
2स्यावजि­पाथी­१२­के­२।//२­
3चिउरा­पाथी­६­के­२­
4तेल­माना­७­के­१।।।•­
5भटमास­माना­४­के­//।।२­
6सुपारी­गोटा­२०­के­
7गोकुल­धुप­तोला­१­के­ऽ३­
8हिं­तोला­।।­के­ऽ।१­
9जीरा­तोला­८­के­/।१­
10नुन­माना­२­के­।•­
11कपरा­हात­१।।•­के­।•­
12सुकेको­माछा­सेर­१­के­।।•­
13मासु­धार्नि­८­के­द्र­धार्नि­१­के­।//ले­३­
14वोके­१­के­१।।­
15अदुव़ा­सेर­१­के­
16पातके­।•­
17जी­गोटा­१­के­//।।२­
18अर्घ­१­के­//।।२­
19कासाको­वटुको­३­के­।•­
20मांद्रो­४­के­//।।२­
21हासका­फुल­८­के­।•­
22अदुव़ा­तोला­८­के­ऽ।२­
23वोके­१­के­१।।•­
24चाव़ल­पांथी­८­के­२।।।•­
25चिउरा­पाथी­४­के­१।/१­
26भटमास­माना­२­के­//।।२­
27कोदो­माना­१­के­ऽ२­
28सेतो­मास­माना­२­के­/।।­
29तीलको­तेल­माना­३­के­।।।•­
30तोरीको­तेल­माना­३­के­।।।•­
31लाव़ा­माना­२­के­ऽ।२­
32अछेताके­चाव़ल­पाथी­१­के­//।।२­
33सेतो­चाव़ल­पाथी­१।।­के­///।।।३­
34¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

[table4]

1नगदी­मोहोरु­२५

[table5]

1सर्कारवाट­वाहेक­अरु­टोलटोलमा­उठाउनु­पर्ने­
 गहना­कपडा­
2असं­टोल्यासित­चाली­
3कर्मि­नाइकेसग­वाही­
4टे­वाहालमा­चालसित­पोको­
5भेलाछीका­मुसलहरुसग­लहगा­र­मटु
 क­
6¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

45इती­सम्वत­१९३३­साल­आश्वीन­वदी­९­रोज­३­शुभ्म्­

[1v-part1]

1२९

1२८८­

1मार्फत्‌­श्री­श्री­श्री­महाराज­जङ्गबाहादूर­राणा­
2जि.सि.बि.­थोङ्‌लिन्‌.पिम्मा.कोकाङ्‌वाङ्‌स्यान्‌­
3प्राइं­मिनिष्टर­यांण्ड­कम्याण्डर­इं­चिफ्‌­
4मार्फत्‌­श्री­कम्याण्डर­इं­चिफ्‌­जनरल­रणोद्दीप­
5सींह­कवर­राणा­

1मार्फत्‌­गुरु[...]­षजांचि­वाम[...]व­पंण्डित्‌ज्यू­

[1v-part2]

1मार्फत्‌­सुव्वा­रामप्रसाद­षन्याल्‌­

Translation

[1r-part1]

Śrī

Śrī Durgā

Śrī Talejyū – 1

He who is very mighty, has arms like a staff etc., the thrice venerable great king, Jaṅga Bahādura Rāṇā, GCSI, thoṅ-līṅ-pim-mā-ko-kāṅ-vāṅ-syān Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief – 2

[royal seal]

Hail! [This is] an executive order (rukkā) of the supreme king of great kings.1

Āge: To each year's chief officer (hākima) of the Kausī Tosākhānā

A lālamohara was [issued] on Thursday, the 14th of the bright fortnight of the month of Śrāvaṇa of the [Vikrama era] year 1832 (1775 CE), stating: "The Hiṭīcoka Bhansāra is to supply from different places the material provisions (jinsī sarājām) needed for the dances which Daitya and Kumāra are supposed to be present for to dance at the palace’s [Śrī Talejyū]2 [temple]. Ministers (kājī), courtiers (bhārādāra) and arjabegīs together are to provide 25 mohararupaiyā̃s in (lit. "using") gold. Ornaments and dresses are to be given by individual city quarters (ṭola) [as specified in] the particulars (tapasila)." For all that, thereafter the budgeted items (rakama) that were directly collected (amānata) [by] the various local government offices all [began to] be [collected] under contract (ṭhekkā) and because of that those who danced when Daitya and Kumāra were present [in them] received nothing of what was written in 2 lālamoharas [issued] for these dancers. Thus of those who should have taken their turn after 12 years none assented [to do so], so that for up to 20 or 25 years former [replacements] did not take their turn. We have inspected these lālamoharas and [herewith] settle on 85 mohararupaiyā̃s, 1 [sukā], 3 [ānās], 3 [paisās] as [what is] needed [in terms of] current selling prices—after lowering cash [costs] (i.e. getting discounts?)—for the material provisions at the rates (drale for darale) given in the lists of materials according to the lālamohara relating to the Kumāra dance, [1 of] the 2 lālamoharas that previously appeared, [namely] 1 for the Daitya dance [and] 1 for the Kumāra dance. From now on each year this 85 mohararupaiyā̃s, 1 [sukā], 3 [ānās], 3 [paisās] is to be provided by the Kausī Tosākhānā. The ornaments and dress are to be obtained from [or] made [in] the different city quarters listed in the same particulars. It appears that there has previously been the custom of said Daitya and Kumāra dancers serving for terms of 12 years each. From now on set a term of 5 years each.3 It came to the notice of General Raṇa Uddīpa Siṃha Kuvara Rāṇā, KCSI, the venerable Commander-in-Chief of [Jaṅga Bahādura Rāṇā, Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief]4 when a petition was made by the chief of the Iṭācapalī court (adālata), SubbāRāmaprasāda Khanyāla, outlining what was detailed in a purjī containing an order (hukuṃ) from [Jaṅga Bahādura Rāṇā, Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief]5 [issued] on Monday, the 3rd of the bright fortnight of the month of Śrāvaṇa of the year [19]33, stating: "Execute the task of having a lālamohora issued through this adālata that specifies: 'Use (lit. "eat") [these sums for] performing the worship and dances in accordance with these earlier lālamoharas and according to what has been performed from earlier times on,'"

[1r-part2]

and as soon as it was brought to our notice through the [aforementioned] persons, who also made a petition in our presence, we have issued a lālamohara addressed to you (i.e. the chief of the Kausī Tosākhānā), detailing as follows: "We have settled on 85 mohararupaiyā̃s, 1 [sukā], 3 [ānās], 3 [paisās] as [what is] needed [in terms of] current selling prices—after lowering cash [costs]—for the material provisions at the rates given in the lists of materials according to the lālamohara relating to the Kumāra dance, [1] of the 2 lālamoharas relating to the dancers when Daitya and Kumāra are present [in them] at the [Talejyū]6 [temple], [namely] 1 for the Daitya dance [and] 1 for the Kumāra dance. From now on every year this 85 mohararupaiyā̃s, 1 [sukā], 3 [ānās], 3 [paisās] are to be provided by the Kausī Tosākhānā"; and [a lālamohara] addressed to the said Daitya and Kumāra dancers at the [Talejyū]7 [temple], stating: "The ornaments and dress are to be obtained from [or] made [in] the different city quarters listed in the same particulars. It appears that there has previously been the custom of said Daitya and Kumāra dancers serving for terms of 12 years each. From now on set a term of 5 years each. Take the customary sums (dastura) according to the particulars (tapasila) every year from the Kausī Tosākhānā. Setting a period of service of 5 years each, expend [these sums for] performing the worship and dance in accordance with what has been performed from earlier times on and according to the earlier lālamoharas."

Particulars (tapasila)8

[table1]

For the materials needed when performing the ritual conclusion (sāṅge) of the dance morus18, 1 [sukā], 3 [ānās], 2 [paisās]
For 1 murī of puffed rice (at the rate of 5 pāthīs)9 4 [morus]
For 12 pāthīs of beaten rice4 [morus]
For 9 mānās of oil2 [morus],1 [sukā]
For 6 mānās of soya beans 1 [sukā]
For 40 areca nuts2 [ānās]
For 2 tolās of gokuladhūpa0 [sukā], 1 [ānā], 2 [paisās]
For 1.5 tolās10 of asafoetida (hing) 1 [ānā]
For 24 tolās of cumin1 [sukā]
For 6 mānās of salt 3 [sukās]
For 3 hātas of cloth 2 [sukās]
For 2 seras of fish 1 [moru]
For 8 dhārnīs of buffalo meat ( at 1 [sukā] 2 [ānās] per dhārnī)3 [morus]
For 1 he-goat1 [moru], 2 [sukās]
For 1 sera, 2 pāus of ginger1 [sukā], 2 [ānās]11
For leaves2 [sukās]

[table2]

For materials needed at the beginning of the dance, morus20
For 15 dhārnīs of buffalo meat (at 1 [sukā], 2 [ānās] per dhārnī) 5 [morus], 2 [sukās], 2 [ānās]
For 3 seras of ginger3 [ānās]
For 3 he-goats4 [morus], 2 [sukās]
For leaves2 [sukās]
For 16 pāthīs of puffed rice (at the rate of 5 pāthis)3 [morus], 3 [ānās], 2 [paisās]
For 8 mānās of beaten rice2 [morus], 2 [sukās], 2 [ānās], 2 [paisās]
For 6 mānās of oil1 [moru], 2 [sukās]
For 6 mānās of soya beans1 [sukā]
For 40 areca nuts2 [ānās]
For 2 tolās of gokuladhūpa0 [sukā], 1 [ānā], 2 [paisās]
For 1 tolā of asafoetida (hing)0 [sukā], 2 [ānās], 2 [paisās]
For 16 tolās of cumin2 [sukās], 2 [ānās]
For 4 mānās of salt2 [sukās]
For 3 hātas of cloth2 [sukās]
For 2 seras of dried fish1 [moru]

[1r-part3]

[table3]

1For materials necessary for the muhāsila12 and in connection with a house [made] of bamboo (New. puluche)21 [morus], 1 [sukā], 1 [ānā], 1 [paisā]
For 12 pāthīs of puffed rice2 [morus], 1[sukā], 2 [ānās], 2 [paisās]
For 6 pāthīs of beaten rice2 [morus]
For 7 mānās of oil1 [moru], 3 [sukās]
For 4 mānās of soya beans2 [sukās], 2 [ānās], 2 [paisās]
For 20 areca nuts1 [ānā]
For 1 tolā of gokuladhūpa0 [ānā], 3 [paisās]
For 0 tolā, 2 pāus of asafoetida0 [sukā], 1 [ānā], 1 [paisā]
For 8 tolās of cumin 1 [sukā], 1 [ānā], 1 [paisā]
For 2 mānās of salt1 [sukā]
For 1 hāta of cloth1 [sukā]
For 1 sera of dried fish2 [sukās]
For 8 dhārnīs of meat (at 1 [sukā], 2 [ānās] per 1 dhārnī)3 [morus]
For 1 goat1 [moru], 2 [sukās]
For 1 sera of ginger1 [ānā]
For leaves1 [sukā]
For 1 ?13 2 [sukās], 2 [ānās], 2 [paisās]
For 1 argha [vessel]2 [sukās], 2 [ānās], 2 [paisās]
For 3 bronze bowls (baṭuko)1 [sukā]
For 4 large bamboo mats (māndro)2 [sukās], 2 [ānās], 2 [paisās]
For 8 duck eggs1 [sukā]
For 8 tolās of ginger0 [sukā], 1 [ānā], 2 [paisās]
For 1 goat1 [moru], 2 [sukās]
For 8 pāthīs of husked rice2 [morus], 3 [sukās]
For 4 pāthīs of beaten rice1 [moru], 1 [sukā], 1 [ānā], 1 [paisā]
For 2 mānās of soya beans2 [sukās], 2 [ānās], 2 [paisās]
For 1 mānā of millet0 [ānā], 2 [paisās]
For 2 mānās of white beans1 [sukā], 2 [ānās]
For 3 mānās of sesame oil3 [sukās]
For 3 mānās of mustard oil3 [sukās]
For 2 mānās of puffed rice0 [sukā], 1 [ānā], 2 [paisās]
For 1 pāthī of rice for achetā2 [sukās], 2 [ānās], 2 [paisās]
For 1.2 pāthīs white rice3 [sukās], 3 [ānās], 3 [paisās]

[table4]

cash, mohorū25

[table5]

Ornaments and dress to be funded by individual quarters (ṭola) besides [what has been funded] by the government
From (lit. "with") those of Asan Ṭola a cālī (?)1
From the headman (naīke) of the Karmīs a bracelet (New. bāhī) 1
From the cāla (?) [at] Ṭe Bāhāla, a bundle (poko)14 1
From the Muslims (musala for musalamāna?)15 of Bhelachī the lahãgā and the crown (maṭuka for New. matuka)1

On Tuesday, the 9th of the bright fortnight of Āśvina of the [Vikrama era] year 1933 (1876 CE). Auspiciousness.

[1v-part1]

28816

Through (mārphat) Thrice venerable great king Jaṅga Bāhādūra Rāṇā, GCB, thoṅ-līṅ-pim-mā-ko-kāṅ-vāṅ-syān prime minister and commander-in-chief

Through the venerable commander-in-chief general Raṇoddīpa Sīṃha Kavara Rāṇā

Through royal priest (gurupurohita) and treasurer (khajāncī) Vāma[de]va Paṇḍitjyu

[1v-part2]

Through Subbā Rāmaprasāda Khanyāl


Commentary

The document authorizes new funding regulations for the material provisions necessary for the Daitya and Kumāra dances. These dances were parts of the rituals performed during the Dasaĩ festival in Kathmandu (see Hoek and Shrestha 1992, Hoek 2014: 110–115 and colour illustrations 31, 32). The two deities present in the human dancers acted as the guardians of the royal goddess during her movements throughout the Dasaĩ rituals. The dancer of Kumāra was chosen among boys from the Tulādhara families of Āsan, and the Daitya among Śākya boys from Om Bahāla, representing Upper (Thane) and Lower (Kvane) Kathmandu respectively (Hoek and Shrestha 1992: 196).

Apparently, the present lālamohara was issued as the final approval granted during a long process involving different state officials. The problem dealt with in the document as having triggered a controversy was that among those eligible to take turns in the dance performance no one was ready to do so, because the traditional provisions that were specifically guaranteed through a lālamohara issued in VS 1832 (1775 CE, that is, under King Pratāpa Siṃha)17 had not been granted to the dancers. In consequence, the same dancers had remained in place for 20 to 25 years instead of being routinely replaced after 12 years. As the reason for the interruption in the regular provisioning, it is stated that the funds, which had originally been raised under the amānata system (i.e. directly collected by the state) and chanelled through the customs office (bhansāra) at Hiṭīcoka, were reassigned to be raised under the ṭhekkā system (i.e. by contractors). All this led to an investigation of the process, and a revision of the regulations laid down in the original lālamohara.

The description of the state of affairs and the administrative steps taken takes the form of a long chain of nested quotations, at the end of which Jaṅga Bahādura Rāṇā finally issues a written order (hukuṃko purjī) that describes the problem at hand, its causes and the steps being ordered to resolve it. This purjī together with an attendant order to issue a lālamohara was sent to the chief of the Iṭācapalī court. The head of the court made petition (bintī) to Raṇa Uddīpa Siṃha Kũvara Rāṇā, at the time the commander-in-chief general and second most powerful man after Jaṅga Bahādura, and then the king was informed, who issued new lālamoharas regulating the sponsorship of the dances, one to the dancers and one (the present one) to the chief of the Kausī Tosākhānā.

Interestingly, the people quoted as having been involved in this administrative process, namely the two top-ranking Rāṇās, and the chief of the Iṭācapalī court, Subbā Rāmaprasāda Khanyāla, are the same ones who signed the document as mārphat. The treasurer (khajāncī) Vāmadeva Paṇḍita also signed, possibly in his function as head of the Kausī Tosākhānā.

The new regulations for the dances involved some fundamental changes, apart from solving the impending problem of having no candidates ready to perform. Whereas formerly, it seems, the dancers were directly granted the material provisions needed (as attested to in other documents issued under Pratāpa Siṃha, such as DNA_0012_0048 or DNA_0012_0051), according to the new regulations material provisions were budgeted as cash items according to the prices current at the time of issue, with no promise of a possible future adjustment of rates according to current prices. The Kausī Tosākhānā was put in charge of disbursing these sums. Moreover, the term of office of the dancers was reduced from 12 to 5 years.

The tapasila of the document is in places unintelligible. First of all, the arithmetic operations involved are hard to reconstruct (see notes on translation). Secondly, items are often quoted by their Newari names, which were probably copied from earlier lists. This may have led to misspellings that cannot be corrected without corroborating evidence from either parallels in other documents or observational data.


Notes

1. From the date of the document, the issuing king must have been Surendra (r. 1847–1881 CE). []

2. Inserted from the space numbered 1 above. []

3. What is written up to this point has probably been part of the hukumko purjī of Jaṅga Bahādura Rāṇā to the Īṭācapalī court reported as ordering the issue of the present lālamohara. []

4. Inserted from the marginal note on the left. The praśasti has been left out for the sake of readability. []

5. Inserted from the marginal note on the left numbered 2. []

6. Inserted from the space numbered 1 above. []

7. Inserted from the space numbered 1 above. []

8. The figures do not appear to add up. In the overall calculation, as interpreted here, the 18 morus, 1 sukā, 3 ānās, 2 paisās for the concluding ritual, 20 morus for the beginning one, 21 morus, 1 sukā, 1 ānā, 1 paisā for further items together with 25 morus in cash only amount to 84 morus, 3 sukās, 0 ānās, 3 paisās, i.e. fall 2 sukās, 3 ānās short of the 85 morus, 1 sukā, 3 ānās, 3 paisās specified in the text above. The calculation is complicated by the fact that the system of notation seems to undergo change within the document. In other documents, sums are usually represented in four numerical fractions, with the rupaiyās represented by numbers; the sukās by one to three daṇḍas or the avagraha sign representing zero; the ānās by one to three diagonal slashes, sometimes as a loop with two or three jags; the paisās again by daṇḍas. In the present case, however, the sequence alternates between daṇḍas before diagonal dashes or the other way around, but it remains unclear whether the sequence of sukā before ānā is inverted too. []

9. The ratio here remains unclear to us. Does it refer to the amount of rice in proportion to the amount of puffed rice made from it? If so, it would mean that 5 pāthīs of rice are used to prepare 1 murī of puffed rice. []

10. Assuming that here, as in the other numbers, a system is used in which every measurement unit is broken down into quarters (i.e. each stroke representing ¼ of a unit) the weight would be 1½ tolās, i.e. 1 tolā and 5 māsās. []

11. So far sukās have been represented by daṇḍas and ānās by diagonal slashes. Here, and in other cases further below, this seems to be inverted. []

12. The meaning of this word, which could also read as mula°, suhā°, or sulasila, remains unclear. Like the following puluche, it could be a Newari word. []

13. Due to a buckling in the paper the word(s) written in this place cannot be deciphered with certainty. It may read jī goṭā or jīgoḍā or even trīgoṭā/trīgoḍā, none of which makes sense. From the fact that arhga and other vessels follow, one could suspect that it denotes some implement. []

14. If cāla is a misspelling of chāla, one of whose meanings is jute, it could denote material used for the dancers’ garments. Thus the entry could read: "From the jute [at/provided by] Ṭe Bāhāla, a bundle [of it]". []

15. Though it is not absolutely sure whether this word really denotes Muslims, this interpretation is not too unlikely. In other cases, too, Muslim communities are known to have been bound to contribute to Hindu rituals (see e.g. Gaborieau 1996: 151–152). []

16. This number, added by a later hand, represents the registration number given by the National Archives, a previous number, 29, seemingly having been erased. []

17. Lālamoharas issued under King Pratāpa Siṃha, "charging their communities with the responsibility for the Daitya and Kumār dances along with an appropriate royal compensation and remuneration" (Hoek and Shrestha 1992: 196) are still extant, or at least were so in the early 1990s, being kept by the main Śākya and Tuladhāra elders (New. mū nāyo). Pratāpa Siṃha is remembered for having revived the dances, which date back to the Malla period but had been discontinued under his father Pṛthvīnārāyaṇa (ibid.: 217). []