Word | Notes |
amāli / amālī | [fr. A.] var. amāli, ambāli, amvalī, aṃvalī; also amālidāra; n. a revenue official or functionary of a regional administrative unit (Pant and Pierce 1989: 93, M.R. Pant 2002: 131).
According to Krauskopff and Meyer he had only "minor judicial powers" (Krauskopff and Meyer 2000: 183).
Kumar further notes that he was a "subordinate civil functionary in the tehsil" (Kumar 1967: 164).
His office was called amala (cf. Adhikari 1984: 344, M.C. Regmi 1978: 853). |
ambalamāmula | [ambala + māmula] var. amalamāmula; n. a levy (cf. M.C. Regmi 1978: 861 (on “Kot-mamuli”)) collected within a particular administrative area (ambala)? |
birtāvāra / birtāvāla / birtāvālā | var. virtavāra, birttāvāra, birttāvāla, birttāvālā, virttavāra; n. holder of a birtā (cf. Parājulī et al. 1995: s.v. birtā; Karmacharya 2001: 91; Whelpton 2005: 260). |
bitalapyā | var. bītalapayā, vatalapyā; also birtābitalapyā; n. holder of a bitalaba land grant. |
chāpachapyālī | var. chāpachapeli, chāpachapālī, chāpchapyālī; n. holder of a chāpa (birtā)? |
jamadāra / jamādāra | var. jmādāra, jaṃdāra; n. a low ranking commissioned officer in the army (cf. Adhikari 1984: 350; Kumar 1967: 166; M.C. Regmi 1978: 227; Stiller 1981: 380) who could be also assigned to civil offices (Edwards 1975: 108), below the subedāra and above havaladāra (Whelpton 1991: 283). According to Edwards 1975: 108: “In the Kausi two jamadars supervised the work of harkaras, or menials, who carried in supplies and were sent on errands as messengers.“ |
mahantamaṇḍalāi | var. mahaṃtamaṃḍalāi, mahantamaṇḍalī; n. 1) central overseer of the sannyāsīs; 2) office of the central overseer. See also maṇḍalāi. |
mārphat / mārphata | var. marphaṭ, mārphaṭa; "through (the person of)" (Pant and Pierce 1989: 93). |
mohariyā / mohoriyā | 1). adj. bearing the royal seal or government stamp; possessed of something under the royal seal (Turner 1931 s.v. mohoriyā)
2) n. one whose title to land is based on the royal seal (cf. Adhikari 1984: 353).
3) A non-confiscatable type of land grant for service-holders (Pandey 1997: 353). |
paṭṭā | n. lease (Turner 1931: s.v.); a written deed of lease (Adhikari 1984: 354); title deed to land (Michael 2012: 133; cf. also M.C. Regmi 1978: 228; M.C. Regmi 1999: 235: “A land-allotment certificate in the Tarai region“). |
rakamakalama/kalamarakama | [fr. A.] n. 1) official matters. 2) an account containing different sections of revenue. 3) knowledge of official matters, officialdom (Turner 1931: s.v. rakam-kalam). 4) customary taxes and levies (Regmi 1976: 77). |
saṃnyāsī / sannyāsī | [fr. S. saṃnyāsin-] var. saṃnyāsi; n. renouncer, specif. a member of the Daśanāmī order. |
subbā | var. subā; n. 1) governor or chief administrative officer of a province or district (cf. Kumar 1967: 168; Krauskopff and Meyer 2000: 185; M.R. Pant 2002: 135; M.C. Regmi 1999: 137; M.C. Regmi 2002: 303). 2) civil officer ranking higher than a mukhiyā, but lower than a sardāra (Stiller 1981: 382). According to Edwards subbās were stationed at Gorkha (cf. also Michael 2012: 134) and Chitwan, “with five others being administrators in the Terai” (Edwards 1975: 106). Edwards further mentions that “men of subba rank were also assigned in the capital to the Kumari Chowk, and Kat Bhandar offices, where they were the deputies of the kaji and kapardar in charge” (ibid.). 3) headmen of the Limbu community in the far-eastern hill regions (M.C. Regmi 1978: 229; cf. also 1978: 865). |
subedāra | n. commander of a military company (cf. M.C. Regmi 1999: 137) consisting of 100 soldiers (N.R. Pant et al. 1969: 383), often placed in charge of a district (M.R. Pant 2002: 136; M.C. Regmi 1978: 229). According to Stiller (1981: 382), he is [below the subbā] the second highest commissioned officer, and, according to Whelpton (1991: 286), he is immediately senior to the jamadāra. |