Edited and
translated by Manik Bajracharya
in collaboration with
Raju Rimal
Created: 2023-07-01;
Last modified: 2024-11-04
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[1r]
[seal reading: श्री५सर्कारतर्फगुठीलगतअडा६२][unknown signature]1तामापत्रकोनकल्1᠀स्वस्ति॥अद्यश्वेतवाराहकल्पेवैवस्वतमन्वन्तरेकलियुगेप्रथमचरणेजम्बुद्वीपेभरतखण्डेआ[1r]
[A seal with text that can be translated as: the Guṭhī Lagata Aḍā of Śrī 5 Sarkāra, 62]3
[An unknown signature]
A copy of the copperplate [text]
Success! Hail! Today, in the śvetavārāhakalpa, in the middle of the vaivasvatamanu, in the first quarter of the kaliyuga, in jambudvīpa, in the bharata territory (bharatakhaṇḍa), in the sacred land of āryāvarta ("land of the Aryans"), at the foot of the himavat (i.e. the Himalayas), in the vicinity of Paśupati, in the sacred field (kṣetra) of [the serpent king] Vāsuki, on the southern side of the Vāgmatī, in [the city of] Lalitapaṭṭana within the country of Nepāla—in such a sacred place, on Saturday, on the new moon day in the dark fortnight of Vaiśākha in the [Nepāla Era] year 778 (1658 CE), when the nakṣatra was rohiṇī, when the yoga was dhṛti, when the Sun and the Moon were in the zodiacal sign vṛṣa, at the auspicious time of a solar eclipse, the twice venerable victorious King Śrīnivāsa Malla Deva Varma, the lord of Māṇigla, gifted the following plots of land and buildings—with defined borders in all four directions—out of love for the thrice glorious Buṅgama-Āryāvalokiteśvara (text: buṅgamadāryyāvalokeśvara): 7 ropanīs 2 payis4 of land [at] Tagaṇārājā, 1 ropanī 3 payis of land [at] Jhatakhela; 5 ropanīs of land [at] Cobāhārakva; another 4 ropanīs of land [at] Cobāhārakva; another 3 ropanīs of land [at] Cobāhārakva; 7 ropanīs 2 payis of land [at] Nyekhu (text: Ṅakho); another 1 ropanī 1 payi of land [at] Nyekhu (text: Ṅakho); another 5 ropanīs of land to the south of Nyekhu (text: Ṅakho yitā); another 2 ropanīs of land to the south of Nyekhu (text: Ṅakho yitā); another 5 ropanīs of land in the Kātadva [quarter] of Thasi; another 3 ropanīs of land behind Khosipari; a house [plot measuring] 2½ khās [at] the southern part (yetā gṛha)5 of Taḥ Bāhāḥ (text: Tava Vāhāra)6 ; 2 khās of garden land at Vājoco; a house plot behind Mahākālagraṃthi in the courtyard of the Buṅgadyaḥ temple (bugadevara nani) [measuring] 1 khā 3 javās; and another 4 khās of garden land outside the Buṅga[mati] gate and to the south (yetā) of the pond.
Whoever seizes the means of subsistence (vṛtti) of a deity or a Brahmin, whether gifted by oneself or by others, will have to live like an insect feeding in feces for tens of thousands of years.
[Here are] the rules: With the annual revenue from these plots of land, the following materials should be arranged: 1 astā7 of rice grains (kya) for the ritual worship, catussamaceta8 flowers, 1 māsā of bdellium (guggul) for incense, 1 large oil lamp (āratī), 1 butter lamp (gheladivā) [with supporting] plate, and 1 pra9 of beaten rice for the sacred offering platter (niśrāva), 1 sweet, 1 pra of puffed rice (te vā). With these materials prepared, it should be arranged for rituals to be performed uninterruptedly every day at midday and midnight. As for the sweet, matha10 should be for midday, and māthaladuvā11 for midnight. Two conch shells should be blown during both the lamp-offering (āratī) rituals.
Additionally, the following ritual objects have been donated: 1 brass ritual plate, 2 bowls, 1 copper water-pot (tāhāḍapva), a [large] copper water container (ghaḍa), 1 brass tray, 1 incense container, 1 brass sukuṇḍā oil lamp and 2 yak-tail fans.
The goṣṭhi taking care of these [rituals and ritual objects consists of the following members]: Venerables Devarathana Bade [residing] north of the street at Naka Bahī (text: Nakabahiri)12 , Luṃgu Bade [and] Tailokasiṃha Bade of Nyākhā Cuka (text: Ṅākhācoka)13 , Sākyamuni Bade of Yitilaṃnhe14 , a distinguished person at Ko Bāhāḥ (text: Kobāhāra)15 Mādhavarāja Bhāro, the coppersmith Rāmasiṃha Bhāro of Yatikhā Nakache, the coppersmiths Harirāma Bhāro [and] Mañjurāma Bhāro [residing] east of the street at Hātigla16 , Sūryyacandra Bade of Bu Bāhāḥ17 , a venerable head official (kutunāyaka) [residing] in the house along the western side (yotāgṛha) of the Rotābāhāra courtyard in Buṅga, Hākudeva Gurubharāḍa [residing] along the eastern side of the Devara Nani courtyard and officials (nāyaka) Jideva and Jayamuni of Kvayacheṃ. These people, together with their brothers, should follow what is written [above].
[Here are] other rules: As long as the members of this goṣṭhi together with their brothers continue to manage it, they shall not be troubled with any of these obligations: guarding of the [city] gates, bāhāḥs (i.e. monastic compounds) and forts, rhāsādhisās18 , [and] caraṇadhiraṇas19 ; [organizing] dance [performances], vīthivāhās.20 , nālapālas21 [and] snāthaguthis22 . A person who has failed to fulfil his duties can be ejected from the guthi. The king should refrain from causing any harm to the guthi by taking its fruit (si) and paddy grains (vāsi). Have Bhujoṅa 23 yogīs from Kvathva SātiglaṬola and from Haṃphale Ṭola blow two conch-shells [at the time of āratī].
[Here is] another rule: If any one of the members of this guthi does not follow what is written [here], or if he acts harmfully out of greed or delusion, he will be guilty of the five great sins (pañcamahāpātaka), such as the killing of a Brahmin, and he will have to endure aversion from the thrice glorious Lord.
Witness to this deed of donation is the twice-born venerable Viśvanāthadeva Upādhyā Śarmma of Thambu Bakhunimha Gṛha.
Furthermore, for the purpose of feeding the biseṭas of the guthi, I have donated 7 ropanīs and another 5 ropanīs [of land] at Laghanābu. 1 fortified ground floor (cheḍikoṭa) at Thaṃtiche has also been gifted for the purpose of storing materials used for āratī performances.
[Here is] another rule: The king and others may not cause trouble to this guthi. If one causes trouble to it, he will be inflicted with five great sins (pañcamahāpātaka), and he will have to endure aversion from the thrice glorious lord. Auspiciousness.
[Here is] another rule: After the completion of the venerable Jatala dance24 , offer—with contributions from two member clans (khalaka)25 of this āratī guthi—1 sheep, 1 set of ritual items and 1 [set of] ritual food (samaya magali) to the [dance] platform (khata) at Taḥ Bāhāḥ. It is not necessary to make such offerings to the platforms [when the dance is performed] at one's own locality. [The guthi] is not to be troubled for anything else. Whoever causes trouble will endure aversion from the thrice glorious Lord, and he will be guilty of the five great sins. Auspiciousness.
[Here is] another rule: To the thrice glorious Buṅgadeva of the royal court, the twice venerable and victorious Yoganarendra Malla Deva has additionally gifted 3 ropanīs of land [at] Yenasyaka Yināya. [The rituals of] both praharas (i.e. at midday and midnight) should be arranged.
The twice venerable, brave and victorious Yoganarendra Malla Deva has [additionally] gifted [plots measuring] 3 ropanīs [at] Yamakhvātabu and 2 ropanīs [at] Salāyabu.
Attesting that the copy is true to the original: Hari Lāl Tamoṭ, Haugal, Patan.
Signature: Hari Lāl Tamoṭ, Haugal, Patan.
This document is a written copy of a copperplate edict issued by King Śrīnivāsa Malla of Lalitpur in the Nepāla Samvat year 778 (1658 CE). Neither the copy nor the NGMPP catalogue card attached to it reveals information regarding the original copperplate, such as its location, script and size. At the bottom left margin of the text is an attestation that this copy is true to the original, with the signature of Hari Lāl Tamoṭ of Haugal, Patan. The document bears a seal of the Guṭhī Lagata Aḍḍā with the number 62, which presumably stands for the Vikrama Era year 1962 (1905 CE). Therefore, it can be safely assumed that this copy was made in that year and deposited at the Guṭhī Lagata Aḍḍā. It was microfilmed by the NGMPP on 3 September 1995. Regarding the script of the original copperplate, it must have been written, like other inscriptions of Śrīnivāsa and other contemporary documents, in Pracalita Newari script. As for the location of the original, since the content has to do with the Buṅgadyaḥ temple at Taḥ Bāhāḥ in Patan, we may presume that it was displayed in the temple itself. The language used is a mixture of Newari and Sanskrit. The inscription records Viśvanāthadeva Upādhyā as standing witness to this deed of donation. He came from Thambu Bhakhunimha, one of the ancestral places of the six clans of Patan's Rājopādhyāya priests.
An earlier copy of this inscription exists among the NGMPP microfilms: document K_0474_0031 contains a copy of the same inscription together with a Nepali translation made by Siddhiharṣa Vajrācārya of Tache Bāhāḥ at Asan. This copy bears a seal dated VS 1957 (1900 CE), and was apparently archived at the Pustakakhānā.
The document follows the standard of a land donation deed. It starts with the saṃkalpa, a ritualistic declaration of intent made by King Śrīnivāsa. The declaration mentions the king's donation of thirteen plots of land measuring a total of 57 ropanīs, three garden plots, two building plots and a fortified ground floor. It also records three additional plots of land measuring a total of eight ropanīs donated by the prince Yoganarendra Malla. The donations were made on the day of a solar eclipse, which is believed to be an auspicious time for making a gift, as bringing manifold merit to the gift giver. The endowment of land, gardens and buildings was for sustaining the daily lamp-offering acts of worship (āratīpūjā) to Buṅgadyaḥ. The following table lists the donated property and their locations and plot sizes.
[table]
Donations from King Śrīnivāsa Malla to the āratī guthi | |||
Property type | Locality | Plot sizes | |
land | Tagaṇārājā | 7½ ropanīs | |
land | Jhatakhela | 1 ropanī 3 payis | |
land | Cobāhārakva | 5 ropanīs | |
land | Cobāhārakva | 4 ropanīs | |
land | Cobāhārakva | 3 ropanīs | |
land | Nyekhu | 7½ ropanīs | |
land | Nyekhu | 1 ropanī 1 payi | |
land | Nyekhu | 5 ropanīs | |
land | Nyekhu | 2 ropanīs | |
land | Kātadva, Thasi | 5 ropanīs | |
land | Khosipari | 3 ropanīs | |
garden | Vājoco | 2 khās | |
garden | Bungamati | 4 khas | |
house | Taḥ Bāhāḥ | 2½ khās | |
house | Taḥ Bāhāḥ | 1 khā and 3 javās | |
Donations from Śrīnivāsa for feeding the biseṭas | |||
land | Laghanābu | 7 ropanīs | |
land | Laghanābu | 5 ropanīs | |
a ground floor | Thaṃtiche | 1 | |
Donations from Prince Yoganarendra Malla to the āratī guthi | |||
land | Yenasyaka Yināya | 3 ropanīs | |
land | Yamakhvātabu | 3 ropanīs | |
land | Salāyabu | 2 ropanīs |
Apart from the landed property, the inscription records the donation of utensils required for the rituals. These include plates, bowls, water and incense containers, a lamp and yak-tail fans. A separate guthi with thirteen members from different localities in Patan and Bungamati was created to manage the āratīpūjā. The following table shows the members and their localities:
[table]
Members | Localities | ||
1 | Devarathana Bade | Naka Bahī | |
2 | Luṃgu Bade | Nyākhā Cuka | |
3 | Tailokasiṃha Bade | Nyākhā Cuka | |
4 | Sākyamuni Bade | Yitilaṃnhe | |
5 | Mādhavarāja Bhāro | Ko Bāhāḥ | |
6 | Rāmasiṃha Bhāro | Yatikhā Nakache | |
7 | Harirāma Bhāro | Hātigla | |
8 | Mañjurāma Bhāro | Hātigla | |
9 | Sūryyacandra Bade | Bu Bāhāḥ | |
10 | head official (kutunāyaka) | Bungamati | |
11 | Hākudeva Gurubharāḍa | Devara Nani (Bungamati?) | |
12 | Jideva (nāyaka) | Kvayacheṃ | |
13 | Jayamuni (nāyaka) | Kvayacheṃ |
The guthi thus consisted of five members from Buddhist priestly clans, four noblemen (bhāro), the head official of Bungamati and two nāyaka officials from an unidentifiable locality. Bruce Owens, based on his fieldwork in the 1980s, reports that āratī-pūjā was performed for the deity four times a day: early morning, late morning, late evening and midnight (Owens 1989: 241, 243–44). He notes that the āratī guthi of Patan consisted of eight members from Bu Bāhāḥ and ten from Naka Bahī, who were responsible for performing worship when the deity was in Patan, while a separate group from Bungamati organized offerings for the half year the deity resided there.
The inscription mentions some rules regarding the management of the
āratīpūjā and its organizing guthi, among
them:
- A group of listed ritual implements and offering materials, such as
lamps, trays, grains, flowers, incense and sweets, is to be prepared for the ritual.
- The āratī worship should be performed uninterruptedly every
midday and midnight.
- Two persons of the jogī caste should
blow conch shells during the āratīpūjā.
- The thirteen
members of the āratī guthi, together with their brothers, should
take care that the rituals run uninterruptedly. Their duties were to oversee the
annual income of the endowed property, to prepare required ritual objects and
utensils and to arrange for the two jogīs who played conch shells
during the āratīpūjā.
- The members of the āratī
guthi are exempted from state-enforced compulsory labour.
- The
king should refrain from causing any harm to the guthi by
confiscating harvests from its plots. It also warns that the king and others will be
guilty of the five great sins if they cause trouble to the guthi.
- Members of the guthi should make offerings to the Jatala
Pyākhã troupe with contributions of their own.
The large stone edict at Taḥ Bāhāḥ installed by King Śrīnivāsa in 1673, five years after the current inscription, repeats the exact same donations (NHDP_0001_0138, lines 18–23). It also instructs that the rules mentioned in an earlier donation deed inscribed on a copperplate be followed. It can be confirmed that the current text is the copperplate inscription being referred to in the Taḥ Bāhāḥ edict.