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A copy of a copperplate inscription issued by King Śrīnivāsa Malla recording a donation of various types of land and buildings for the āratī guthi in service to Buṅgadyaḥ (NS 778)

ID: K_0474_0032


Edited and translated by Manik Bajracharya in collaboration with Raju Rimal
Created: 2023-07-01; Last modified: 2024-11-04
For the metadata of the document, click here

Published by Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities: Documents on the History of Religion and Law of Pre-modern Nepal, Heidelberg, Germany, 2024. Published by the courtesy of the National Archives, Kathmandu. The copyright of the facsimile remains with the Nepal Rashtriya Abhilekhalaya (National Archives, Government of Nepal). All use of the digital facsimiles requires prior written permission by the copyright holder. See Terms of Use.
The accompanying edition, translation/synopsis and/or commentary are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License CCby-SA.

Abstract

This is a National Archives copy of the text of a copperplate issued by King Śrīnivāsa Malla. The inscription records the king's donation of various types of land and buildings to support the operation of the āratī guṭhī responsible for organizing lamp-offering ritual worship to Buṅgadyaḥ. It also specifies rules regarding management of the organization, its endowments and the ritual procedures.



Diplomatic edition

[1r]

[seal reading: श्री­५­सर्कारतर्फ­गुठी­लगत­अडा­६२­]

[unknown signature]

1तामापत्रको­नकल्‌­

1᠀­स्वस्ति­॥अद्य­श्वेतवाराहकल्पे­वैवस्वतमन्वन्तरे­कलियुगे­प्रथमचरणे­जम्बुद्वीपे­भरतखण्डे­आ
2र्य्यावर्तपुण्यस्थाने­हिमवत्पादे­पशुपतिसन्निधाने­वासुकीक्षेत्रे­वाग्वत्यां ­दक्षिणकूले­नेपालदे
3शान्तर्गतललितपट्टने­इहैव­पुण्यभूमौ­॥श्रेयोस्तु­॥सम्वत्‌­७७८­वैशाखमासे­कृष्णपक्षे­•अ
4मावास्यान्तिथौ­रोहिणीनक्षत्रे­•धृतीयोगे­•शनीश्चरवासरे­।वृषराशिगते­सवितरि­•स­एव­रा
5शिगते­चन्द्रमसि­॥अस्मिन्­सूर्य्यग्रासमहापर्वणि­•माणिग्लाधिपति­•श्रीश्रीजयश्रीनिवासम
6ल्लदेववर्मणा­•तगणाराजा­क्षेत्र­•रोव­न्हश­७­पयि­२­झतखेल­क्षेत्र­रोव़­१­पयि­स्व­३­चोवाहारक्व­
7क्षेत्र­रोव­ङा­५­भूय­चोवाहारक्व­क्षेत्र­रोव़­पि­४­भूय­चोवारक्व­क्षेत्र­रोव़­स्व­३­ङखो­क्षेत्र­रोव़­न्ह
8श­७­पयि­२­भूय­ङखो­क्षेत्र­रोव­छि­१­पयि­१­भूय­ङखो­यिता­क्षेत्र­रोव़­ङा­५­भूय­ङखो­यिता­क्षेत्र­रोव़­
9नसि­२­भूय­थसिया­कातद्व­क्षेत्र­रोव़­ङा­५­भूय­खोसिपरि­लिव­क्षेत्र­रोव़­३­यथा­चतुराघाटेन­परि
10वेष्ठितं­•भूय­तववाहार­येता­गृह­खा­नसित्या­२x­वाजोचो­•क्यव­खा­नसि­२­भूय­वुगदेवर­ननि­महा
11कालग्रंथि­लिव­छे­खा­छि­१­जव़­स्व­३­भूय­वुगया­ध्वाखान­यि­षुपुडि­येता­क्यव­खा­पि­४­एतत्­क्षेत्र­गृ
12ह­यथा­चतुराघाटेन­परिवेष्ठितं­एतत्­क्षेत्र­गृह­श्री­३­वुगमदार्य्यावलोकेश्वर­भट्टारकप्रीतये­द
13त्त­॥स्वदत्ताम्­परदत्ताम्­वा­यो­हरेत्‌­सुरविप्रयोः­॥वृत्तिं­स­जायते­विंदुग्‌­वर्षाणाम्‌­अयुतायुतैः॥­1 भाषा­
14थ्वते­वुया­वर्षप्रतिं­वरसाननं­•पूजा­क्य­अस्ता­१­चतुस्समचेत­•स्वान­धूपयात­गुगुरु­मंस­छि­१­त
15धंङ­आरति­१­घेलदिव़ा­भो­प्वाट­१­निश्रावयात­वजि­प्र­छि­१­मध्य­ता­छि­१­ते­वा­प्र­छि­१­थ्वते­साम
16ग्री­दोयकं­वान्हिश­व़ो­वाचास­व़ो­अविछिन्न­याङन­निस्तरपं­यंज­माल­•मध्ये­जुको­वान्हियातं­मथ­•
17वाचायात­माथलदुवा­जुरो­•आरति­नेपोलसं­शंख­नेग्वड­पुयके­माल­•भूय­वस्तु­जात­दुंता­•लिलि­
18पुजाभण्डि­भो­पात­१­खोराचा­ग्वड­२­सिजर­ताहाडप्व­ग्वड­१­सिजल­घड­ग्वल­१­लिलि­निश्राव­भो­पात­१­
19धूप­दह­ग्वड­१­लिलि­सुकुण्डा­ग्वड­१­चामर­गहतिफे­२­थ्वतेया­चिन्ता­याक­गोष्टि­नकवहिरि­लं­य
20न्ता­श्रीदेवरथन­वदे­•ङाखाचोक­लुंगु­वदे­•तैलोकसिंह­वदे­•यितिलंन्हे­साक्यमुनि­वदे­•कोवाहारस­
21जाहार­माधवराज­भारो­यतिखा­नकछे­ताम्वकाल­रामसिंह­भारो­•हातिग्ल­लं­वन्ता­ताम्वकाल­ह
22रिराम­भारो­•ताम्वकाल­मंजुराज­भारो­•वुवाहार­सूर्य्यचन्द्र­वदे­•वुग­रोतावाहार­ननी­योतागृह­
23श्रीकुतुनायक­•देवर­ननि­वन्ता­हाकु­देव­गुरूभराड­•क्वयछें­जिदेव­नायक­•जयमुनि­नायक­•थ्व
24तेया­त्रान्ते­सह­सहितन­चोस्यंतको­निस्तरपे­माल­•पुन­भाषा­•थ्व­गोष्टि­लोक­त्रान्ते­सहयां­गोष्टीस­•नि
25स्तरपं­चोतोले­•ध्वाकापाल­•वाहारपाल­•क्वाथपाल­•ह्रासाधिसा­चरणधिरण­•प्याखन­•वीथिवा
26हा­•नालपाल­•स्नाथगुथि­•छोसं­दुःख­विय­मदो­•निस्तरपे­मफतङाव­•गुथिनं­लिलाय­दो­जुरो­
27थ्व­गुथियाके­सि­वासि­राजिकन­•दुःख­विस्यं­काय­मदो­जुरो­॥क्वथ्व­सातिग्ल­त्वालं­वो­•हंफले­
28त्वाल­वो­•थ्वते­त्वाल­तुंजोङ­2 योगीनं­शंख­नेग्वड­पुयके­माल­•पुन­भाषा­•थ्व­गुथि­लोकनं­सुनानं­सु­
29जुलसनं­चोस्यं­तक्वो­मनिस्तरपं­लोभा­मोह­याङ­अह्रसन­संकाले­•व्रह्महत्यादि­पञ्चमहापात
30क­लाक­•श्री­३­परमेश्वरस­निग्रह­लाक­जुरो­•दत्तपत्रार्थे­दृष्टं­साक्षी­थम्वु­वखुनिह्म­गृह­द्विजवर­
31श्रीविश्वनाथदेव­उपाध्या­शर्म्म­दृष्ट­॥भूय­गुथिया­वेष्टलोकपनिस्त­भक्ष्या­भोजनयात­विस्यं­
32तया­तघनावु­रोव­न्हस­७­भूय­लघनावु­रोव­ङा­५­थ्वते­जुरो­थंतिछेया­छेडिकोट­छि­१­आरति­
33सामग्रि­तेयातं­दुंता­जुरो॥­पुन­भाषा­थ्व­गुथिस­राजिकनं­•सुनानं­दुःख­विय­मदो­•दुष्ख­विस्य­सं
34काले­•पञ्चमहापातक­लाक­•श्री­३­परमेश्वरस­निग्रह­लाक­जुरो­॥शुभ­॥पुन­भाषा­श्री­ज
35तलं­प्याखन­सितदनङाव­•थ्व­आरति­गुथिस­गेलको­नेखलकं­नं­ल्हाङाव­तववाहार­खतस­•
36फसिह्मं­१­पुजा­जो­१­समय­•मगलि­जो­१­थ्वते­श्री­३­जतलं­प्याखन­सितदनङाव­विय­माल­थ
37व­२­स­•त्वालंया­खतस­विय­मुम्वाल­•थ्वतेन­प्रशेषन­छुसं­दुःख­विय­मदे•दुःख­विकाले­•श्री­३­पर
38मेश्वरस­•निग्रह­पंचमहामहापातक­लाक­जुरो­॥शुभ­॥

1पुनर्भाषा­राजकुलस­चोङह्म­•श्री­३­वुगदेवस्त­•श्रीश्री­जय­योगनरेन्द्रमल्लदेवसन­•येनस्यक­यिनाय­क्षत्र­रोव़­स्व­३­थिन­घाङाव­दुंता­•नेपहरसं­[...]पे­माल­

1भूय­रोव़­३­यमख्वातवु­•पुन­रोव़­२­सलायवु­श्रीश्री­विर­जय­योगनरेन्द्रमल्लदेवसन­दुन्ता­जुरो­॥

1सकल्‌­वमोजीम­नकल्‌­दुरूस्त­छ­भनी­रुजु­
2गर्ने­हरी­लाल्‌­तमोट्‌­पाटं­हौगल­

1सहि­हरि­
2लाल­तमोत­
3पातं­हौगल­

Translation

[1r]

[A seal with text that can be translated as: the Guṭhī Lagata Aḍā of Śrī 5 Sarkāra, 62]3

[An unknown signature]

A copy of the copperplate [text]

Success! Hail! Today, in the śvetavārāhakalpa, in the middle of the vaivasvatamanu, in the first quarter of the kaliyuga, in jambudvīpa, in the bharata territory (bharatakhaṇḍa), in the sacred land of āryāvarta ("land of the Aryans"), at the foot of the himavat (i.e. the Himalayas), in the vicinity of Paśupati, in the sacred field (kṣetra) of [the serpent king] Vāsuki, on the southern side of the Vāgmatī, in [the city of] Lalitapaṭṭana within the country of Nepāla—in such a sacred place, on Saturday, on the new moon day in the dark fortnight of Vaiśākha in the [Nepāla Era] year 778 (1658 CE), when the nakṣatra was rohiṇī, when the yoga was dhṛti, when the Sun and the Moon were in the zodiacal sign vṛṣa, at the auspicious time of a solar eclipse, the twice venerable victorious King Śrīnivāsa Malla Deva Varma, the lord of Māṇigla, gifted the following plots of land and buildings—with defined borders in all four directions—out of love for the thrice glorious Buṅgama-Āryāvalokiteśvara (text: buṅgamadāryyāvalokeśvara): 7 ropanīs 2 payis4 of land [at] Tagaṇārājā, 1 ropanī 3 payis of land [at] Jhatakhela; 5 ropanīs of land [at] Cobāhārakva; another 4 ropanīs of land [at] Cobāhārakva; another 3 ropanīs of land [at] Cobāhārakva; 7 ropanīs 2 payis of land [at] Nyekhu (text: Ṅakho); another 1 ropanī 1 payi of land [at] Nyekhu (text: Ṅakho); another 5 ropanīs of land to the south of Nyekhu (text: Ṅakho yitā); another 2 ropanīs of land to the south of Nyekhu (text: Ṅakho yitā); another 5 ropanīs of land in the Kātadva [quarter] of Thasi; another 3 ropanīs of land behind Khosipari; a house [plot measuring] 2½ khās [at] the southern part (yetā gṛha)5 of Taḥ Bāhāḥ (text: Tava Vāhāra)6 ; 2 khās of garden land at Vājoco; a house plot behind Mahākālagraṃthi in the courtyard of the Buṅgadyaḥ temple (bugadevara nani) [measuring] 1 khā 3 javās; and another 4 khās of garden land outside the Buṅga[mati] gate and to the south (yetā) of the pond.

Whoever seizes the means of subsistence (vṛtti) of a deity or a Brahmin, whether gifted by oneself or by others, will have to live like an insect feeding in feces for tens of thousands of years.

[Here are] the rules: With the annual revenue from these plots of land, the following materials should be arranged: 1 astā7 of rice grains (kya) for the ritual worship, catussamaceta8 flowers, 1 māsā of bdellium (guggul) for incense, 1 large oil lamp (āratī), 1 butter lamp (gheladivā) [with supporting] plate, and 1 pra9 of beaten rice for the sacred offering platter (niśrāva), 1 sweet, 1 pra of puffed rice (te vā). With these materials prepared, it should be arranged for rituals to be performed uninterruptedly every day at midday and midnight. As for the sweet, matha10 should be for midday, and māthaladuvā11 for midnight. Two conch shells should be blown during both the lamp-offering (āratī) rituals.

Additionally, the following ritual objects have been donated: 1 brass ritual plate, 2 bowls, 1 copper water-pot (tāhāḍapva), a [large] copper water container (ghaḍa), 1 brass tray, 1 incense container, 1 brass sukuṇḍā oil lamp and 2 yak-tail fans.

The goṣṭhi taking care of these [rituals and ritual objects consists of the following members]: Venerables Devarathana Bade [residing] north of the street at Naka Bahī (text: Nakabahiri)12 , Luṃgu Bade [and] Tailokasiṃha Bade of Nyākhā Cuka (text: Ṅākhācoka)13 , Sākyamuni Bade of Yitilaṃnhe14 , a distinguished person at Ko Bāhāḥ (text: Kobāhāra)15 Mādhavarāja Bhāro, the coppersmith Rāmasiṃha Bhāro of Yatikhā Nakache, the coppersmiths Harirāma Bhāro [and] Mañjurāma Bhāro [residing] east of the street at Hātigla16 , Sūryyacandra Bade of Bu Bāhāḥ17 , a venerable head official (kutunāyaka) [residing] in the house along the western side (yotāgṛha) of the Rotābāhāra courtyard in Buṅga, Hākudeva Gurubharāḍa [residing] along the eastern side of the Devara Nani courtyard and officials (nāyaka) Jideva and Jayamuni of Kvayacheṃ. These people, together with their brothers, should follow what is written [above].

[Here are] other rules: As long as the members of this goṣṭhi together with their brothers continue to manage it, they shall not be troubled with any of these obligations: guarding of the [city] gates, bāhāḥs (i.e. monastic compounds) and forts, rhāsādhisās18 , [and] caraṇadhiraṇas19 ; [organizing] dance [performances], vīthivāhās.20 , nālapālas21 [and] snāthaguthis22 . A person who has failed to fulfil his duties can be ejected from the guthi. The king should refrain from causing any harm to the guthi by taking its fruit (si) and paddy grains (vāsi). Have Bhujoṅa 23 yogīs from Kvathva SātiglaṬola and from Haṃphale Ṭola blow two conch-shells [at the time of āratī].

[Here is] another rule: If any one of the members of this guthi does not follow what is written [here], or if he acts harmfully out of greed or delusion, he will be guilty of the five great sins (pañcamahāpātaka), such as the killing of a Brahmin, and he will have to endure aversion from the thrice glorious Lord.

Witness to this deed of donation is the twice-born venerable Viśvanāthadeva Upādhyā Śarmma of Thambu Bakhunimha Gṛha.

Furthermore, for the purpose of feeding the biseṭas of the guthi, I have donated 7 ropanīs and another 5 ropanīs [of land] at Laghanābu. 1 fortified ground floor (cheḍikoṭa) at Thaṃtiche has also been gifted for the purpose of storing materials used for āratī performances.

[Here is] another rule: The king and others may not cause trouble to this guthi. If one causes trouble to it, he will be inflicted with five great sins (pañcamahāpātaka), and he will have to endure aversion from the thrice glorious lord. Auspiciousness.

[Here is] another rule: After the completion of the venerable Jatala dance24 , offer—with contributions from two member clans (khalaka)25 of this āratī guthi—1 sheep, 1 set of ritual items and 1 [set of] ritual food (samaya magali) to the [dance] platform (khata) at Taḥ Bāhāḥ. It is not necessary to make such offerings to the platforms [when the dance is performed] at one's own locality. [The guthi] is not to be troubled for anything else. Whoever causes trouble will endure aversion from the thrice glorious Lord, and he will be guilty of the five great sins. Auspiciousness.

[Here is] another rule: To the thrice glorious Buṅgadeva of the royal court, the twice venerable and victorious Yoganarendra Malla Deva has additionally gifted 3 ropanīs of land [at] Yenasyaka Yināya. [The rituals of] both praharas (i.e. at midday and midnight) should be arranged.

The twice venerable, brave and victorious Yoganarendra Malla Deva has [additionally] gifted [plots measuring] 3 ropanīs [at] Yamakhvātabu and 2 ropanīs [at] Salāyabu.

Attesting that the copy is true to the original: Hari Lāl Tamoṭ, Haugal, Patan.

Signature: Hari Lāl Tamoṭ, Haugal, Patan.


Commentary

This document is a written copy of a copperplate edict issued by King Śrīnivāsa Malla of Lalitpur in the Nepāla Samvat year 778 (1658 CE). Neither the copy nor the NGMPP catalogue card attached to it reveals information regarding the original copperplate, such as its location, script and size. At the bottom left margin of the text is an attestation that this copy is true to the original, with the signature of Hari Lāl Tamoṭ of Haugal, Patan. The document bears a seal of the Guṭhī Lagata Aḍḍā with the number 62, which presumably stands for the Vikrama Era year 1962 (1905 CE). Therefore, it can be safely assumed that this copy was made in that year and deposited at the Guṭhī Lagata Aḍḍā. It was microfilmed by the NGMPP on 3 September 1995. Regarding the script of the original copperplate, it must have been written, like other inscriptions of Śrīnivāsa and other contemporary documents, in Pracalita Newari script. As for the location of the original, since the content has to do with the Buṅgadyaḥ temple at Taḥ Bāhāḥ in Patan, we may presume that it was displayed in the temple itself. The language used is a mixture of Newari and Sanskrit. The inscription records Viśvanāthadeva Upādhyā as standing witness to this deed of donation. He came from Thambu Bhakhunimha, one of the ancestral places of the six clans of Patan's Rājopādhyāya priests.

An earlier copy of this inscription exists among the NGMPP microfilms: document K_0474_0031 contains a copy of the same inscription together with a Nepali translation made by Siddhiharṣa Vajrācārya of Tache Bāhāḥ at Asan. This copy bears a seal dated VS 1957 (1900 CE), and was apparently archived at the Pustakakhānā.

The document follows the standard of a land donation deed. It starts with the saṃkalpa, a ritualistic declaration of intent made by King Śrīnivāsa. The declaration mentions the king's donation of thirteen plots of land measuring a total of 57 ropanīs, three garden plots, two building plots and a fortified ground floor. It also records three additional plots of land measuring a total of eight ropanīs donated by the prince Yoganarendra Malla. The donations were made on the day of a solar eclipse, which is believed to be an auspicious time for making a gift, as bringing manifold merit to the gift giver. The endowment of land, gardens and buildings was for sustaining the daily lamp-offering acts of worship (āratīpūjā) to Buṅgadyaḥ. The following table lists the donated property and their locations and plot sizes.

[table]

Donations from King Śrīnivāsa Malla to the āratī guthi
Property typeLocalityPlot sizes
landTagaṇārājāropanīs
land Jhatakhela1 ropanī 3 payis
landCobāhārakva5 ropanīs
landCobāhārakva4 ropanīs
landCobāhārakva3 ropanīs
landNyekhu ropanīs
landNyekhu 1 ropanī 1 payi
landNyekhu 5 ropanīs
landNyekhu 2 ropanīs
landKātadva, Thasi5 ropanīs
landKhosipari3 ropanīs
gardenVājoco2 khās
gardenBungamati4 khas
houseTaḥ Bāhāḥkhās
houseTaḥ Bāhāḥ1 khā and 3 javās
Donations from Śrīnivāsa for feeding the biseṭas
landLaghanābu7 ropanīs
landLaghanābu5 ropanīs
a ground floorThaṃtiche1
Donations from Prince Yoganarendra Malla to the āratī guthi
landYenasyaka Yināya3 ropanīs
landYamakhvātabu3 ropanīs
landSalāyabu2 ropanīs

Apart from the landed property, the inscription records the donation of utensils required for the rituals. These include plates, bowls, water and incense containers, a lamp and yak-tail fans. A separate guthi with thirteen members from different localities in Patan and Bungamati was created to manage the āratīpūjā. The following table shows the members and their localities:

[table]

MembersLocalities
1Devarathana BadeNaka Bahī
2Luṃgu BadeNyākhā Cuka
3Tailokasiṃha BadeNyākhā Cuka
4Sākyamuni BadeYitilaṃnhe
5Mādhavarāja BhāroKo Bāhāḥ
6Rāmasiṃha BhāroYatikhā Nakache
7Harirāma BhāroHātigla
8Mañjurāma BhāroHātigla
9Sūryyacandra BadeBu Bāhāḥ
10head official (kutunāyaka)Bungamati
11Hākudeva GurubharāḍaDevara Nani (Bungamati?)
12Jideva (nāyaka) Kvayacheṃ
13Jayamuni (nāyaka) Kvayacheṃ

The guthi thus consisted of five members from Buddhist priestly clans, four noblemen (bhāro), the head official of Bungamati and two nāyaka officials from an unidentifiable locality. Bruce Owens, based on his fieldwork in the 1980s, reports that āratī-pūjā was performed for the deity four times a day: early morning, late morning, late evening and midnight (Owens 1989: 241, 243–44). He notes that the āratī guthi of Patan consisted of eight members from Bu Bāhāḥ and ten from Naka Bahī, who were responsible for performing worship when the deity was in Patan, while a separate group from Bungamati organized offerings for the half year the deity resided there.

The inscription mentions some rules regarding the management of the āratīpūjā and its organizing guthi, among them:
 - A group of listed ritual implements and offering materials, such as lamps, trays, grains, flowers, incense and sweets, is to be prepared for the ritual.
 - The āratī worship should be performed uninterruptedly every midday and midnight.
 - Two persons of the jogī caste should blow conch shells during the āratīpūjā.
 - The thirteen members of the āratī guthi, together with their brothers, should take care that the rituals run uninterruptedly. Their duties were to oversee the annual income of the endowed property, to prepare required ritual objects and utensils and to arrange for the two jogīs who played conch shells during the āratīpūjā.
 - The members of the āratī guthi are exempted from state-enforced compulsory labour.
 - The king should refrain from causing any harm to the guthi by confiscating harvests from its plots. It also warns that the king and others will be guilty of the five great sins if they cause trouble to the guthi.
 - Members of the guthi should make offerings to the Jatala Pyākhã troupe with contributions of their own.

The large stone edict at Taḥ Bāhāḥ installed by King Śrīnivāsa in 1673, five years after the current inscription, repeats the exact same donations (NHDP_0001_0138, lines 18–23). It also instructs that the rules mentioned in an earlier donation deed inscribed on a copperplate be followed. It can be confirmed that the current text is the copperplate inscription being referred to in the Taḥ Bāhāḥ edict.


Notes

1. This stanza has been borrowed from earlier sources such as Bhāgavatapurāṇa 11.27.54, य: स्वदत्तां परैर्दत्तां हरेत सुरविप्रयो: । वृत्तिं स जायते विड्भुग् वर्षाणामयुतायुतम् ।। []

2. A comparable passage from the Taḥ Bāhāḥ inscription (NHDP_0001_0138) reads at this point भुजोङ. []

3. The number 62 in the last line of the seal probably stands for the year VS 1962 (1905 CE). []

4. The land measurement unit payi has been taken here as being equal to a javā, one quarter of a ropanī. This is confirmed by the stone inscription at Taḥ Bāhāḥ (NHDP_0001_0138), which repeats the donations made in the current inscription. There the term javā is used where payi occurs in this inscription. []

5. The text of the large Taḥ Bāhāḥ inscription, which mentions the same guthi endowments as in this document, has the location of this house as yaṃtā che (NHDP_0001_0138, lines 20–21), "house at the northern side". Yetā here may have been a misreading on the part of the scribe while copying the inscription. []

6. For details on Taḥ Bāhāḥ and the Buṅgadyaḥ Temple at the location, see the DANAM entry: https://danam.cats.uni-heidelberg.de/report/6a2ca05c-3aaa-11ea-b44d-0242ac130006. []

7. Astā (var. aytā) is a unit of weight equivalent to a quarter of a pāu (or approx. 50 grams). []

8. The meaning is unclear. The reference may be to four different kinds of flowers. []

9. This probably is meant for pãla, a unit of weight equivalent to a pāu (approx. 200 grams). []

10. A sort of lākhāmarhi sweet, round in shape and generally large in size, used in rituals (see Mālī NS 1130 s.v. matha). []

11. An unidentifiable sweet, but probably round in shape like a ladu. []

12. For details on Naka Bahī monastery, see the DANAM entry: https://danam.cats.uni-heidelberg.de/report/e3074532-e806-11e9-8bc4-0242ac130002. []

16. An area immediately south of Patan Darbar Square now known as Haugaḥ or Haugala. []

18. The meaning is not clear. []

19. The meaning is not clear. []

20. Malla 2000: 336 gives the meaning of bithibāhā benakaṃ as "to contribute voluntary labour", while Hemarāja interprets this as "exemption of taxes" (Śākya VS 2049: 10). Vīthi may derive from the Sanskrit term viṣṭi, "compulsory labour". However, it is unclear what the labour would have been for. []

21. The meaning is not clear. []

22. It is not clear what kind of guthi this is. []

23. The meaning of this term is unclear. It seems to denote a particular class of Kusle jogīs in Patan. The current inscription copy spells the term as तुंजोङ, which has been emended to भुजोङ following the comparable passage from the Taḥ Bāhāḥ inscription (NHDP_0001_0138). []

24. The traditional dance drama, commonly known as Jala Pyākhã, originated in the town of Harasiddhi (New. Jala) located south of Patan. A troupe from the town perform the dance twice a year, on the full moon of Maṅgsira and during the whole month of Phāguna, in the town itself and at different sites in Patan. For more on the dance, see Iltis 2011: 29–52. []

25. The two clans of the guthi members mentioned here probably are the ones from Patan and Bungamati. The responsibility for performing āratīpūjā is still passed back and forth between these two groups (see Owens 1989: 241, n. 8). []