A letter from Candra Śamśera appointing two jimmāvālas in Aṭhāra Saya Kholā and formalizing a lokābhāra contract in their name (VS 1948)
ID: E_3446_0006
Edited and
translated by Rajendra Shakya
in collaboration with
Yogesh Budathoki
Created: 2020-06-02;
Last modified: 2022-11-28
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The accompanying edition, translation/synopsis and/or commentary are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
.
Abstract
This letter from Candra Śamśera sanctions the appointment of two jimmāvālas for 12 villages in Aṭhāra Saya Kholā after the death of the previous jimmāvāla while also retaining a regular lokābhāra lease contract in the names of both and authorizing them to make purchases of musk and wax in the village.
Diplomatic edition
[1r]
[Seal of Candra Śamśera]1स्वस्तिश्रीमद्राजकुमारकुमारात्मजश्रीपश्चिमतर्फ[...]2नरलचंन्द्रसम्सेरजङ्गराणावहादुरकस्यपत्रम्
3आगेअठारसयेषोला[?]हिगाउवस्न्याजीम्माव़ा[...]
4गाउवस्न्याजीम्माव़ाल्कैसांषुनुकेयेथोचित्तउप्रां[?][?][?]
5न्गीमादरियाको∙षुव़ाअठारसयेषोलामध्येतपसिल[?][?]
6गाउ१८कोजिम्माव़ालसुवाछेमदोर्ज्येषुनुमर्दासोजिम्माव़ाली[?]
7[?][?]लामी[?]कस्तुरिविना१८पुगकगाउगाउकामुषियाहरुले[...][...]
8वुलगर्याका∙गाउ५कट्टागरि∙वाकीगाउ१३कोकस्तुरि∙वीना१३रमोहर्रु∙५८[...]
9धनमाल∙सलामीचढाउछुजीम्माव़ालकोज्मानि∙रैतिमुषीयाको[?]
10[...]व़ाल∙भै∙सावीकदेषीवेज्मानिमालिआयाकोहोहालपनिवेज्मा[...][...]
11[...]म्माव़ाली[...]कस्तुरिमैन्∙षरिदगर्न∙सनद∙पाउभनि∙तिमीहरुले[...]
12मानिजसुव्वाछेमदोर्जेषुनुकाछोरा∙ठेलेदोर्जेषुनुदोर्जेषुनु∙हरुलेसकार[?][?]
13तिमुषियालेजसलाई∙राजीगर्छजुनतर्फधेरैहुंछउसलाईजिम्माव़ाल्कोज्मा
14[?]रैतिमुषियारैतिमुषियाकोज्मानिजिम्माव़ाल्∙गरि[...][...]
15पट्टा∙रकस्तुरि∙मैन∙षरिदगर्ने∙सनदगरि∙दिनु∙भनिहामीवाटमर्जिव[?][?]
16आजका∙मैन्हा∙दिनमा∙रैतिमुषीयाकोराजीवीराजीकागजल्याउंला∙सोम्याद[?]त्र
17ल्याउनसकीनभन्या∙ल्याउनसकन्यालाईजीम्माव़ालीपट्टागरिवक्सनुउजुरग[?][?]न
18भनि[?][?]फागुणशुदि१३रोज२कादिनतिमीहरुदुवैथर∙लेज्मानव[...][...]
19ल्का∙मास्हीछापगरि[...]याको∙मासोम्यादभीत्रनिजसुव्वाकाछोराहरुलेल्याउनन[?]
20कदा∙सोगाउ१३मध्येलोगाउ१कोजीम्माव़ालीपट्टाहाम्राछोरा∙दोर्जेछिरिं∙षुनु[?]
21नाउमा∙१वाकीगाउ१२कोपट्टाहाम्रानाउमा∙१ज्माजीम्माव़ाली∙पट्टा२र∙सोगाउ[...]
22मा∙कस्तुरिमैन∙षरिदगर्ने∙सनद१गरिपाउ∙निजहाम्राछोरालेकीस्तामा∙दा[?]
23वुझायनभन्याहाम्राघरघरानावाटवुझाउलाभनि∙तिमीहरुलेसोम्यादभीत्र[...]
24तिमुषियाकोकागजल्याई∙कवुलियतमासहीछापगर्याकाहुनालेसो[...]
25सिल्वमोजिम्का∙गाउ१२को∙इस्तकसम्वत्१९४७सालआश्वीणवदि१रोज[...]
26षी४८साल∙भाद्रसुदि∙१५रोज∙तकवर्ष१कोमितीले∙हामीलाई∙सोषान्गी[...]
27ज्याल्∙सालवसालीसिव़ाये¯ ¯१¯अंककल्यान्धनधर्माधीकार∙पंचषतरहता
28वहता∙उडंता∙गडंता∙रकमिघरको∙झारावेदर्ता∙रकमकलम्∙रपगरिका∙चुकषत्वा
29हेक∙व़ाज्वीसेर्मा∙साउन्याफागुस्याफल्∙सीर्तो∙सावीकदेषी∙दरिचली∙आया
30कोरकमकलम्अैनवमोजिम्काडंन्डकुंन्ड∙मर्यो∙अपुतालीचाकचकुईमारिमे
31टी∙वेमौजरै∙तपसिलवमोजीम्कानगदिजीन्सीमारैतान्लोकाभारकाठेकगरि
32वक्स्यौं∙गाउमारस्तीचलाई∙वस्तीवसाइजगाअवादगुलजारगरिरैतिराजीराषी
33साविक्दरिचलीआयावमोजिम्∙असुलतहसिलगरिकवुलवमोजिम्का
34नगदिजीन्सी∙सालवसालकायकैकीस्तामाघमैन्हामामुषिया∙हरुमार्फ[...]
35चुक्तीगरि∙हाम्रातहसिल्∙अडामादाषीलगरिरसिदलिनुकदाचीतमु[?]
36या∙हरुले∙दाम्काम्∙हिनामीनापार्यो∙भागीनासीगयो∙भन्या∙तिमीहरुका
37घरघराना∙वाटवुझाउनुपर्ला∙सर्कारवाटरहामीवाटफर्माइसिमालचाही[...]
38लेषीआयोभन्यासावीकवमोजिम्∙गाउकादरभाउलेषरिदगरिसोमाल
39चलानगर्दा∙अघिदेषीचलिआयाकाअडाअडावाटचलाउनुआफ्ना
40गाउघरमाभयाकोमैन∙कस्तुरि∙अनेत्रवीक्रीनगर्नुजोभयाकोचलेका
41भाउमा∙षरिदगरिहाम्रातहविल्मादाषीलगरिरसिदलिनुसालआषीर
42भयापछि∙दाषीलगर्याको∙रसिदहरुल्याई∙व़ासीलवाकीगरिफारषति
43लिनुकवुलियतवमोजिम्कानगदिजीन्सीमा¯ ¯२¯पर्योअथवाजगामाउ
44ठ्न∙सकेन∙गाउगाउकामुषियारैतिहरुभागीनासीगयोभनिउजुरगर्या
45यकदाम्∙मिन्हापाउन्याछैन¯ ¯३¯काजात्राआजापुजादसैमामुलि∙षर्चजो
46छ∙सावीकवमोजिम्∙कतिनघटाईलोकाभारका∙ठेकवाहेकवाटचलाउनु
47लोकाभारका∙ठेकमा∙नफाभयापनि∙नोक्सानभयापनि∙रैतिगैह्रलाईदा
48मासाहीकाहिसावलेलिनुदिनुगर्नुअसुलतहसिल्मामीला∙मुद्दाईन्साफ
49गर्दा∙अैनवमोजिम्∙जाञीगर्नु∙गाउघरमा∙परिआयाकातिमीजीम्माव़ाल
50मुषियाहरुले∙छिननसकेकोर∙तिम्रानाउमा∙नालीसगर्न्या∙हरुकोझगडा
51मुद्दाहेरि∙ईन्साफगर्न्या∙हाकीम्१सावीकवमोजिम्हामीवाटपठाईवक्सौं
52ला∙सोपठाईवक्स्याकाहाकीमरतिमीहरु∙सवैसामेलभैझगडाछीनिसो[...]
53गडामुद्दामा∙भयाकाआम्दानिलोकाभारकाठेकवाहेकवुझाउनुयोलेषीया
54वमोजिमनगरि∙घटिवढी∙पारी∙घुसरोसवतसर्सलामी∙षाई∙नञारकम्कलम
[1r-part2]
1[Unknown seal]2[Unknown seal]
55लगाईलि∙वीजाञीवीदुत्गरि∙रैतिदुनिञालाई∙दुषदि∙काम्काजगरेरको
56हिरैति∙कराउनआयोभन्यारस्वमुद्दामा∙सावीत∙गरायोभन्याअैनवमोजिम्
57आफैले∙वुझाउनुपर्ला∙मैनकस्तुरि∙जोभयाकोहाम्राहजुर∙दाषीलनगरिअ
58नेत्र∙वेच्योभन्यारकीस्तावंन्दिमावुझाउनुपर्न्या∙नगदिजीन्सीसालवसाल[?]
59कीस्तामा∙दाषीलगर्नसकेनौभन्या∙अैनवमोजिम्∙सजायगरिकिस्ताना[...]
60वावत्∙नगदीकोकीस्तषिलापी∙सुतर∙जीन्सीमाल्कोअसनवजारकादरभा[?]
61लेमोलस्मेत्∙तिमीहरुकाघरघरानावाटउठाइलिलोकाभारतोडीवक्सौंला
62उजुरगर्न∙पाउन्याछैनभनि∙सावीकदरसावीक्वमोजिम्लोकाभारठेकथामी
63जीम्माव़ालीपट्टागरि∙वक्स्यौंआफ्नाषातिरज्मासंगरैतानलोकाभारको
64जीम्माव़ाली∙पट्टाजानि∙जगाकोचलनगर∙¯¯¯ ¯¯¯ ¯¯¯ ¯¯¯ ¯¯¯ ¯¯¯
65
66साविक४७सालवमोजिम्∙लोकाभारकाठेक¯¯¯ ¯¯¯ ¯¯¯ ¯¯¯ ¯¯¯
[table1]
| 1 | असामी | गाउ | यकैकिस्तामाघ | ||
| 2 | नगदिमोरु | जीन्सी | |||
| 3 | नुन् | पाषी | |||
| 4 | |||||
| 5 | प्रोकगाउ∙कोमु.निम्वालामा | १ | ३०१|| | |५|५ | X |
| 6 | |||||
| 7 | यार्जुकोमुनुवुर्क्षेवे | १ | ७६ | |१|४ | १ |
| 8 | लुत्रुकोमु.नुर्वुक्षेक्पा | १ | ८४ | |१|४ | १ |
| 9 | चुमलिंको∙मु.आले | १ | ७२ | |१|४ | १ |
| 10 | सिवच्यात्कोमु.छांसोनाम् | १ | १०७|| | |३|४ | १ |
| 11 | नेपागाउको∙मु.सामदुप् | १ | ५९ | |∙|४ | १ |
| 12 | तांजुगाउकोमु.धाकेछीरीं | १ | १०१ | |२|४ | १ |
| 13 | वलाकगाउको∙मु.चुमदेन् | १ | ६६ | |∙|६ | १ |
| 14 | तोपागाउको∙मुमिज्रर | १ | १०८ | |२ | १ |
| 15 | ङाकगाउको∙मु.सामरुकद्वर्केजेठावुढाजोरधन् | १ | १४५ | |१ | १ |
| 16 | पारोगाउको∙मुकर्मापासांजेठावुढाल्हा∙र्क्याप∙ | १ | ३९५ | |८ | १ |
| 17 | पाचयार्पावोसीगाउकोमुधोदुप् | १ | २१ | X | ० |
| 18 | १२ | १५३६ | १|८|३ | १० | |
67४८साल्कावालीदेषीसालवसालजीम्माव़ाललेचढाउने¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
[table2]
| 1 | मोहरु | ५१|/३ | |
| 2 | पटव़न्सलामी | ४ | |
| 3 | सलामीमोर्रु१८९९केरु५८||//|रु१५३६केदामासा हीले | ४७|/३ | |
| 4 | ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ | ||
| 5 | जीन्सीअसलकस्तुरिवीना | १२ | |
| 6 | ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ | ||
68
[table3]
| 1 | नगदीमोर्रु | १५८७|/३ | |
| 2 | जीन्सी | ||
| 3 | नुन् | १|८|३ | |
| 4 | पाषी | १० | |
| 5 | कस्तुरिवीना | १२ | |
| 6 | ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ | ||
69इतिसम्वत्१९४८सालमितीवैसाषवदी१४|३०रोज६शुभ्म्
Translation
[1r]
[Seal of Candra Śamśera]1
Hail! A letter from Western Commanding General Candra Śamśera Jaṅga Bahādura Rāṇā, a prince born of a prince.
Āge: To Jimmāvāla …2 a resident in [Bi]higāũ3 [and] Jimmāvāla Kaisāṃ Khunu, a resident of …4 in the Aṭhāra Saya Kholā [region].
Yathocita uprānta: After the death of SubbāChem Dorjye Khunu, jimmāvāla of the 18 villages in the Aṭhāra Saya Kholā [region] [that are mentioned]5 in the tapasila below and registered as khuvās of my khānagī, [you two petitioned us as follows]6 :
“Excluding [from among the 18 villages] the 5 villages accepted [on lease]7 by the mukhiyās of [those] villages who agreed to tender [1 musk pod each of the required]8 18 musk pods [as salāmī payments], we shall [annually] tender 13 musk pods and 58 mohararupaiyā̃s [2 sukās, 2 ānās and 1 paisā]9 as salāmī payment for the remaining 13 villages. [Lokābhāra lease contracts] have [customarily] been entered into without collateral, since ryots stand surety for jimmāvālas and jimmāvālas stand [surety] for mukhiyās. Now, too, may we obtain a sanada [conferring upon us] the responsibilities of jimmāvālas without need for collateral [and allowing us] to purchase musk and wax.”
[Since both] Ṭhele Dorje Khunu [and] Dorje Khunu, the sons of the said Subbā Chem Dorje Khunu, have [already] accepted [the duties of jimmāvāla]10 , we issued [the following] order:
“Sanction a contract in the name of the person whom the ryots and mukhiyās consent to, [that is,] who has more [local support than others to perform] the duties of a jimmāvāla (jimmāvālī paṭṭā) without [having to put up] collateral [but rather] having the ryots to stand surety for the jimmāvāla and the jimmāvāla to stand surety for the mukhiyās, and issue a sanada [that authorizes him] to make purchases of musk and wax.”
In accordance with our order, both of you signed a jabānabandīmuculkā on Monday, the 13th of the bright fortnight of Phālguṇa in [VS 1947] (1891 CE), stating: “We shall bring the document [tabulating] the ryots' and mukhiyās' consent [and] non-consent within a month’s time from today. If we fail to bring it within the said period, issue the jimmāvālī paṭṭā in favour of the person who can bring [such a document]. We shall not file a complaint.”
As the sons of the said subbā failed to bring [the said document] within the stipulated time, [and] since you submitted the document [that proved the consent] of the ryots and mukhiyās [in your favour] within the stipulated time and put your signature on the contract, stating: “Let a total of 2 jimmāvālī paṭṭās be sanctioned—one jimmāvālī paṭṭā for the 1 village of Lo from among the said 13 villages in the name of our son Dorje Chiring Khunu and one contract for the remaining 12 villages in the name of us [two]—and 1 sanada be issued [for the right] to purchase musk and wax in the said villages. In the case where the said son of ours does not submit the due instalment, we shall submit it from our household,” we have formalized an annual raitānalokābhāra lease contract for the 12 villages mentioned in the tapasila below for 1 year beginning from (istaka) the 1st of the dark fortnight of Āśvina in the year VS 1947 (1890 CE) to the 15th of the bright fortnight of Bhādra in the year [VS 19]48 (1891 CE) for the stated [amounts due in] cash and kind for as long as this khānagī remains with us with the following details:
“Except for rāja-aṅka, kalyānadhana, dharmādhikārapañcakhata and arrearages (rahatābahatā, uḍaṃtā, gaḍaṃtā)11 , jhārā levies on rakamī households, unregistered customary taxes and levies (rakamakalama), and the [fines for] faults (cukṣat)12 [committed by holders of] pagarī [contracts], there shall be a complete exemption for the scheduled (vājabī) sermā, sāune phāgu, syāphala13 and sirto [revenue], [along with] regular registered customary taxes and levies, and daṇḍakuṇḍa, maryo aputālī, and cākacakui [levies] that are imposed in accordance with the Ain.
“Keep the ryots well disposed in the village by overseeing affairs, founding settlements and making village and households and crops flourish, and collect revenue as listed and managed previously and submit [the amounts due in both] cash and kind that you have agreed to pay, clearing the amount due annually in a single instalment in the month of Māgha through the mukhiyās, and deposit it into our Tahasila Aḍḍā and obtain a receipt.
“In the case where a mukhiyā mishandles [monetary] matters or runs away and the money is lost, you shall have to pay [the amount due] from your household property. When [there are orders] from the sarkāra or us in writing for specially ordered items, make the purchase at the current rate in the village as was done previously, and when dispatching such items, do so from the government offices (aḍḍās) that were previously used. Do not sell elsewhere the wax and musk available in your village. Purchase all available [wax and musk] at the current [village] rate, deposit them into our treasury and obtain a receipt.
“When the [fiscal] year comes to an end, bring all receipts for the deposits [of levies and goods], hand over the ledger (vāsila bā̃kī) and obtain a phārakhatī. If you file a complaint, stating that -2- [some act of the glorious divinities]14 has befallen the [amount due in] cash or kind that you have agreed to pay or that you failed to collect [what is due] on [lokābhāra] land or that the mukhiyās and ryots of the villages have run away and the money is lost, then you shall not receive the remission of even a single dāma. Besides [the commitments] under the contract, you shall bear the basic expenses and the like for the religious processions for and worship of -4- [the glorious divinities]15 during the Daśaĩ festival, without any reduction in the previous outlay.
“In cases of profit or loss in the lokābhāra contract, proportionally distribute to ryots etc., or collect from them, [the surplus or shortfall]. Follow the rules set by the Ain when collecting revenue and adjudicating lawsuits [among ryots]. We shall send 1 hākima as usual to look into and adjudicate, in accordance with the Ain, [cases involving disputes] that arise in villages and households that you jimmāvālas and mukhiyās fail to settle, and also cases involving disputes of persons who file lawsuits against you, the jimmāvālas and mukhiyās. The said hākima that we have hence sent and you (i.e. jimmāvālas and mukhiyās) shall come together to settle disputes and deposit the revenue generated from the said disputes and lawsuits separately from the [amount due on] the lokābhāra lease.
“If you do not act in accordance with what is written here [and go against it] by taking bribes or embezzling sarsalāmī payments, imposing and collecting new, superfluous levies, or [otherwise] causing injury and oppression so as to make [ryots] suffer, and if any ryot comes to complain and proves such a case, then you shall have to pay [the penalty] yourself in accordance with the Ain.
“If anyone sells wax or musk that is available [in the village] elsewhere instead of delivering it to our treasury, and if [either of you] is unable to deposit the cash and kind to be submitted with the instalment that is to be paid as an annual instalment, then you shall be punished in accordance with the Ain, and interest on the cash instalment and the market rates at Asana16 for goods shall be exacted from your households for having crossed the instalment [deadline], and the lokābhāra [contract] shall be annulled.”
Asserting that you shall not have the right to complain [against any annulment of the contract], we have hence retained the lokābhāra lease contract as was done in the past and sanctioned the jimmāvālī paṭṭā17 . Tend the land conscious of your duties (khātirajāmā), considering [them] as jimmāvālī paṭṭās of a raitānalokābhāra [lease contract].
Details (tapasila):
The lokābhāra lease contract of the previous year [VS 19]47 (1890 CE)
[table1]
| Entry (asāmī) | Village | Single instalment [to be paid] in [the month of] Māgha | |||
| Cash [in] morus | Goods | ||||
| Salt | Woollen blanket (pākhī) | ||||
| Nimbā Lāmā, mukhiyā of Prokgāũ | 1 | 301 morus, 2 sukās | 5 pāthīs, 5 mānās | X | |
| Nu[r]bu Kṣeve, mukhiyā of Yārju | 1 | 76 | 1 pāthī, 4 mānās | 1 | |
| Nurbu Kṣekpā, mukhiyā of Lutru | 1 | 84 | 1 pāthī, 4 mānās | 1 | |
| Āle, mukhiyā of Cumliṃ | 1 | 72 | 1 pāthī, 4 mānās | 1 | |
| Chāṃ Sonām, mukhiyā of Sivacyāt | 1 | 107 morus, 2 sukās | 3 pāthīs, 4 mānās | 1 | |
| Sāmadup, mukhiyā of Nepāgāũ | 1 | 59 | 4 mānās | 1 | |
| Dhārke Chīrīṃ, mukhiyā of Tāṃjugāũ | 1 | 101 | 2 pāthīs, 4 mānās | 1 | |
| Cumden, mukhiyā of Balākgāũ | 1 | 66 | 6 mānās | 1 | |
| Mijrar, mukhiyā of Topāgāũ | 1 | 108 | 2 pāthīs | 1 | |
| Sāmaruka Dvarke, mukhiyā of Ṅākagāũ and Jeṭhā-buḍhāJoradhan | 1 | 145 | 1 pāthī | 1 | |
| Karmā Pāsāng, mukhiyā of Pārogāũ and Jeṭhā-buḍhāLhārkyāpa | 1 | 395 | 8 pāthīs | 1 | |
| Dhodup, mukhiyā of Bosīgāũ in Pācapārvā18 | 1 | 21 | X | 0 | |
| 12 | 1,536 | 1 murī, 8 pāthīs, 3 mānās | 10 | ||
[The details of amounts in cash and kind] to be submitted by the jimmāvāla for the crops of the year [VS 19]48 (1891 CE) and onwards:
[table2]
| Mohararupaiyā̃s | 51 mohararupaiyā̃s, 1 sukā, 1 ānā, 3 paisās | ||
| Paṭavan19 salāmī | 4 | ||
| 58 mohararupaiyā̃s, 2 sukās, 2 ānās and 1 paisā20 [to be paid annually as] salāmī out of [the total sum] 1,899 mohararupaiyā̃s; [annual cash burden on each mukhiyā] when [the amount of] 1,536 mohararupaiyā̃s is proportionally divided [among them] | 47 mohararupaiyā̃s, 1 sukā, 1 ānā, 3 paisās | ||
| Goods: Genuine musk pods | 12 | ||
Summary (terija)
[table3]
| Mohararupaiyā̃s in cash | 1,587 mohararupaiyā̃s, 1 sukā, 1 ānā, 3 paisās | ||
| Goods: | |||
| Salt | 1 murī, 8 pāthīs, 3 mānās | ||
| pākhī | 10 | ||
| Musk pods | 12 | ||
Friday, the 14th/30th of the dark fortnight of Vaiśākha in the [Vikrama] era year 1948 (1891 CE). Auspiciousness.
Commentary
This document is slightly different from the other lokābhāra lease contracts in that it sanctions the appointment of two persons as jimmāvālas operating together in 12 villages. The name of one of the addressees is unknown due to breakage of the paper. There ought to be, in any case, another document with similar content addressed to Dorje Chiring Khunu that sanctions his appointment as jimmāvāla of one village in Lo mentioned in the document. The two addresees of this document call Dorje Chiring ‘our’ son. This suggests that both were married to the same woman, the mother of Dorje Chiring, polyandry having been a usual local practice (even if polyandry is not as prevalent as it used to be, such marriages still exist in Kutang.)
Some information in this document is in doubt due to the poor condition of its upper part. It is not clear what is said about the five villages for which their mukhiyās presumably acquired the right to exercise the responsibilities of jimmāvāla. The amount these mukhiyās had agreed to pay in cash is not clear, but they seem to have agreed to submit musk pods as salāmī for their appointment. Another thing that is not clear is the amount the two appointees agreed to pay annually as salāmī. The paper is torn at the place where the amount is mentioned, while at the bottom where the amount is mentioned again the letters are illegible.
Subbā Chem Dorjye Khunu, the previous jimmāvāla (of 18 villages) from Aṭhāra Saya Kholā, had apparently passed away, and his two sons were willing to assume their father’s position. However, they failed to get the consent of the ryots and mukhiyās, who instead backed the document's two addressees. This suggests that any person vying for the post of jimmāvāla needed the approval of the local populace. The document also makes it clear that a separate sanada was issued that authorized a jimmāvāla to purchase all the wax and musk available in the village for submission to the government treasury.